1. The conservative bulwark of the Prussian state was the landed and military class known as the. . . . . . . .
2. The North German Confederation was the creation of . . . . . . .(individual) following the successful war of . . . . . . (country) against . . . . . in 1866
3. Both practical and opportunistic, he became the classic practitioner of Realpolitik, making friends with liberals, democrats and even socialists, and in turn making enemies of them when it suited his policies. "He" here refers to . . . . . . .
4. Its deepest roots are the shared sense of regional and cultural identity, especially as those roots are expressed in religion, custom and . . . . . . . This is a reference to the phenomenon of . . . . .
5. It was the question of army reform (via extension of the period of service) that the Prussian parliament came into conflict with ....................... To resolve the problem, King William I called on the services of the extreme conservative champi on of monarchical authority ............
6. The nationalist politics of the German states at mid-19th. c. revolved about the so-called Grossdeutsch/Kleindeutsch resolution of the national question. The 'big Germany' (i.e.,Grossdeutsch) solution looked to . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Bismarck's career may be divided into three phases: (a) the earliest in which he achieved . . . . . .; (b)next, an internal policy for Germany which was marked by a notable political failure (i.e., his attempt to . . . . . .); (c) lastly, an external policy characterized by his ability to forge a lasting alliance with . . . . . . . .
8. The vast Austrian empire of the Habsburgs was a great dynastic, multiethnic state, made up of many peoples and languages. Subject elements of the dominant Germanic component of the empire were the . . . . . . . . . .and . . . . . . . . . .
9. Although German political unity proved difficult to attain, for decades before the 1860s the various German states had achieved an effective economic unity through the Zollverein, by means of which . . . . . . . . . .
10. In the first half of the 19th c. calls for German unity were thwarted by the existence of intense rivalry between the two greatest states of the German Confederation, namely, . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . .
11. The dogma of Papal Infallibility (1870) alarmed Bismarck because it seemed to ask Catholics to . . . . .
12. In lashing out at his middle-class opponents, Bismarck warned the parliament that the "great questions" of the day would not be decided by mere speeches and resolutions, but rather by (as he truculently put it) by " ..................."
13. The so-called Slesvig-Holstein affair provided Prussia with two great opportunities: (a) war in 1864 against Denmark followed by territorial gain, and (b) the occasion to . . . . . ......
14. The war between Prussia and Austria (1866) arose out of the constant tension between them over the administration of . . . . . . . . . .
15. The conclusive defeat of . . . . . at the Battle of Sadowa in 1866 proved once and for all that . . . . . . . . would thenceforth be dominant in the affairs of . . . . . . . . .
16. The constitution of the North German Confederation was a triumph of Bismarckian policy. Though the parliament (Reichstag) was elected by male universal suffrage, it hardly served democracy to find that the chief executive of the state (the chancello r) was . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. Some political elements in Bismarck's Germany were particularly alarmed by Pope Pius IX's declaration of the dogma of . . . . . . . . . . ., a turn of events that seemed to ask Catholics everywhere to put loyalty to the Church above loyalty to the nation. The response of Bismarck was to . . . . . . . . .
18. It did not wean the workers from supporting radical political parties, as Bismarck had hoped, but it did protect them from some of the uncertainties of the complex urban industrial world. It was an enormously significant development in Germany, a pro duct of political competition and government efforts to win political support. It was to be 50 years before similar measures would be taken in the U.S. This is a reference to. . . . . .
19. The year 1866 saw the dissolution of the 50-year-old German Confederation following the . . . . . . in that year. It was replaced by a new North German Confederation led by the state of . . . . . . .
20. The significance for Europe of the attempt by the Spanish government place a German prince on the throne of Spain was that it provided the opportunity for a quarrel between . . . . . and. . . . . . . that enabled the 'iron chancellor' to set in mot ion the events that would result in . . . . . . . .
21. In his role as imperial chancellor, Bismarck excelled both as statesman and diplomatist. Yet his regime saw two notable failures in his domestic politics. He failed, for example, to weaken the power and influence of both . . . . . . . . . . and . . . . . . . . . .
22. Though the weakest of the great powers in 1860, . . .... by her victory over . . . . . . in 1870 had become the most powerful state in Europe
23. The war of 1870 had serious consequences for France. In terms of fueling lasting resentment between her and . . . . . . . . . . , the worst result for France was . . . . . . .
24. A notable domestic failure of Bismarck was his inability to weaken through repressive legislation the growth of . . . . ., which, it was clear, had a mass appeal for the German workers
25. Taking his cue from the Pope's promulgation of the doctrine of papal infallibility in 1870, Bismarck mounted his so-called Kulturkampf (Battle for Civilization) against the Catholic church in Germany, presuming that the papal pronouncement would. . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. The treaty of Frankfort of May 10, 1871 contained a provision to which the French could never become reconciled. This refers to the "cold-blooded amputation" of . . . . . . . . . . . and its incorporation into . . . . . . . .
27. Two attempts on the life of the German emperor during the 1870s provided Bismarck with all the excuse he needed to proceed against the . . . . . . At the same time, in order to persuade the workers to place their faith in him, he initiated an exte nsive program of ..............................
28. What transformed the famous Ems Dispatch of William I in 1870 into an instrument to provoke war was Bismarck's . . . . . . . . . which . . . . . . . . .
29. In the German Reichstag the Center Party represented the interests of ...........................
30. In seeking to establish the supremacy of the German government in domestic affairs, Bismarck moved in turn against two groups that were likely to oppose his policies, namely, the . . . . . . . . . . . .and . . . . . . .. . . .

Topic 3:Reforming Russia

1. The great moral and political issue for the Russian government at mid-century was .......................... , a drawback to the country's economic development. The resolution of this issue was effected by the tsar's proclamation of 1861 which ........................
2. The chief mover in the building of railroads (a barometer of progress in the industrial revolution) in Russia was her formidable statesman . . . . . . . . . Much of the capital needed for this massive investment came from . . . . . . . (country)
3. The revolution of 1905 in Russia saw the most effective challenge so far to the authority of the tsarist regime. Forced to bend to the sweeping unrest and paralyzing strikes, the tsar issued his famous October manifesto in that year. It promised . . . . . ., the effectiveness of which was diluted by the prerogative of the tsar allowing him to ............... . . ..
4. The single most important event in the domestic history of 19th-c. Russia was . . . . . . . . . . . . .in 1861
5. One of the most important reforms of tsar Alexander II was the institution of the zemstvos, which were established in order to provide . . . . . . . . .

Topic 3:Victorian England

1. In British politics of the 1880s the major political issue was that of Ireland. This arose out of the efforts of Irish nationalists to achieve a measure of Home Rule whereby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Prime ministers Gladstone's "Glorious Ministry" (1868-74) was notable for a number of long overdue social reforms in Britain. Legislation during this period, for example, provided for . . . . . . . . . . . Even the succeeding conservative ministry of P.M. Disraeli kept up the momentum of reform by legislating for . . . . . . . . . . .
3. By 1914 in Britain the evolutionary path to democracy and a modern democratic state structure (achieved via reform legislation over the previous half-century) had been largely completed. There was one notable exception, however, in a matter that stoo d to affect half the country's population, namely, legislation that would . . . . . . . . . . .

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