Sample Quiz Questions: Industrialization & Urbanization

Instructions: Enter the word(s) or phrase that gives best sense to the statement:

Topic 1:Society in Transition

1. Of the several unique advantages enjoyed by Britain in enabling her to become the first nation to industrialize, one would be ..................................
2. A general European phenomenon in the century after 1750 or so was the sharp rise in .........................
3. The truly revolutionizing agent of the industrial revolution, an invention which for the first time freed man from dependence on human or animal labor, was ..........................
4. In many ways, the industrial system aided people to live longer lives as the public health movement got under way and living standards improved. Over the long term, therefore, one can assert in relation to mortality statistics that ............... ...........................
5. The industrial revolution in its early phase, down to 1840 or so, took place principally in the manufacture of ................................., with accompanying developments in the production of...............................
6. The industrial revolution also brought about a transformation of the system of transportation; in roads, canal building and, most of all, in ...........................
7. The 18th-c. "enclosure movement" worked to the detriment of the small farmer because ........................ . One consequence of this (especially for the needs of the developing industrial revolution ) was that .......................................
8. The early history of industrial development is tied to the rise of mechanical inventions. Among British achievements in this area are (circle the one that doesn't belong): Whitney's "cotton gin"; Hargreave's "spinning jenny"; Kay's "flying shuttle"
9. Experience under the Factory Acts of 1802, 1819 and 1831 proved that until ................ it was of little use to lay down conditions and hours of work
10. The principle of economic liberalism spoke for the idea that ..............................
11. By the early 19th c. liberalism had come to stand broadly for laissez faire, secular education and the limitation of the authority of the state in the regulation of .........................................
12. According to the late 18th c. economic theorist Adam Smith, economic activity unrestricted by .............................. best served the individual and society
13. Their general goal was a political structure that would limit the arbitrary power of the government against the person and the property of individual citizens. They sought to establish a framework of legal equality, religious toleration, and freedom of the press. "They" here refers to those who subscribed to the form of 19th c. political thought known as .........................

Topic 2:Class & Conflict

1. The Reform Bill of 1832 marked a fundamental political change in England by providing for ......................................................
2. Metternich, the chief architect of the new conservative order which the continental powers sought to impose on the peoples of Europe, numbered among the foremost enemies of monarchical supremacy those...................... whose political aspirations looked to the winning of .................................................. ...
3. The Combinations Act effectively restricted the development of ........................... in England until its repeal in 1824
4. Such concepts as 'holy alliance' and 'Concert of Europe' were indicative of a desire on the part of .................................... after 1815 to ...................................................
5. The foremost statesman at the Congress of Vienna was the ....................... aristocrat .......................... who saw Europe as an international community of great powers imposing order in order to perpetuate the system of _____________ __________________
6. The idea that society is a "partnership of the living, the dead, and those yet to be born expresses the notion of .......................... associated with the British political philosopher ...........................
7. In 1819 the British parliament passed a series of laws called the Six Acts. These were generally designed to ......................................
8. A potent example of the working of the so-called Metternich system in post-Napoleonic Europe was the Carlsbad Decrees which were designed to ........................
9. Through the Carlsbad decrees the Germanic Confederation became an instrument of reaction. They were successful in suppressing ....................... and demonstrated the weakness of .............................. in the German states
10. Conservatives in the early nineteenth century preached the virtues of three basic pillars of the old social order; namely, ................................, the established Church and the predominance in social and political life of ...........................
11. The British parliament consisted of two Houses; the non-elective House of ............. and the main deliberative body, the House of ..........:
12. Britain's Great Reform Bill (1832) was not a democratic measure because ......................
13. The Reform Bill (1832) in Britain was as important for the revolution it averted as for the rather modest alterations it produced. The net effect was a token recognition of the aspirations of the ................................... to political power
14. "Pocket" or "rotten" boroughs were notorious examples of the iniquities of the system of ............................. in ..................... before the Reform Act of 1832
15. One group of persons who, irrespective of wealth or position, could not hold public office or sit in parliament before 1829 were ..............................
16. Saint-Simon, Fourier and Robert Owen are names associated with early ideas of .........
17. Revisionists socialists such as the German Eduard Bernstein held that the class struggle as envisioned by Marx was not necessary and that workers could obtain their ends by ................
18. The history of all hitherto existing society. according to Marx, was the history of ..........
19. "Our epoch has simplified class antagonisms" wrote Marx, so that "society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps," namely, the ............. and .................
20. The brief but persuasive ..............................., issued by Marx and Engels in 1848, contains two basic tenets for which Marx is most famous, namely, his economic interpretation of history and the notion of .....................
21. The early socialists were of many types, but all had certain ideas in common. All questioned the value of managing the economy by means of ................... and instead favored its management by .......................
22. According to socialism's most revolutionary thinker, "the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the............................" Thus wrote ..............in 1848
23. Eduard Bernstein, one of the leading socialists of the day, published Evolutionary Socialism in 1899 to make the point that .................................
24. The prevailing philosophy of 'liberalism/socialism/conservatism' (circle one) was first challenged by 'conservatism/socialism/liberalism'(circle one) which in turn faced the challenge of 'socialism/liberalism/conservatism' (circle one)
25. "It has historically played a most revolutionary part," wrote Marx. "Wherever it got the upper hand, it put an end to all feudal relations. It left no other link between man and man than naked self-interest." The class referred to here is the 19th c. .....................
26. The franchise (right to vote) was not a right inherent in human dignity, but a duty and a function which required a minimum of understanding and experience for its performance. This was the view of those who can best be described, in their 19th c. context, as ..................
27. The Corn Laws in Great Britain were a direct contradiction of the principle of laissez faire. their final repeal in 1846 signified the triumph of what specific economic principle: ...............
28. An instance of incompatible economic aims among the two wealthy but opposed classes of early 19th.-c England were the Corn Laws passed in 1815. These were promoted by ................................ in the interests of ........................, but were opposed by ............................. because ......................

Topic 3:Social & Cultural Change

(a) SOCIAL CHANGE

1. Following the so-called principle of utility, the Englishman Jeremy Bentham and his followers sought through legislation to achieve the greatest happiness both of the individual and society at large. To this end, they desired, for example, ......................................
2. The notion of achieving the "....................." was a tenet of the social theory known as utilitarianism. Its founding father in England was ......................
3. The most bitterly controversial welfare measure of the 1830s was Britain's Poor Law Act. Specifically, this required that in order to receive relief, the recipients would have to ............
4. Social reformers had important successes in the cr usade to alleviate the worst conditions under which the British working classes labored. There was, for example, legislation providing for ............... and ...............................
5. Many of what we regard as typical family problems of the modern poor were already in evidence in early industrial Britain. In combating them the state established the Poor Law Act of 1834 which provided the 'solution' of............................................
6. Malthus observed that the population of the late 18th c. world was increasing faster than the means of subsistence. To deal with this state of affairs, he proposed that .....................
7. The regulation of the hours of labor was contrary to the accepted principles of the system of economics governed by the theory of ...........................
8. Chartism was a mass movement supported by the working classes of industrializing Britain. The so-called Peoples' Charter of 1838 consisted of six points to be urged on the country's legislators. Two of these demanded : (a) .............................. and (b) ...............................
9. What particular event took place in London in 1851 that gave visible proof of Britain's industrial leadership, whereby she was thereafter regarded as the 'workshop of the world': _______________________________________
10. The most startling technological transformation of any country in the third quarter of the 19th c. was the case of .................
11. By 1900 ....................... was overcoming Britain's long lead to emerge as Europe's most productive industrial power. Her industrial advance was largely due to her ascendancy in the fields of ........................ and ..............................
12. By 1890 her iron and steel production had surpassed that of Britain; by 1900 she was making more steel than Britain and Germany combined
13. "The positive checks to population are extremely various," wrote Malthus, and include .................. . He asserted that population when unchecked increased in a geometrical ratio, whereas .................. only increased in an arithmetical ratio
14. By the 1830s so much concern was occasioned by the circumstances of labor in the new industrial environment that it became necessary to enact the. This is a reference to ................first Factory Act, which was designed to .......................
15. Technological processes pioneered by Henry Bessemer and the Gilchrist brothers revolutionized the production of ........................ in the late 19th c., effecting a major impact on the shipbuilding industry
16. As the industrial revolution developed and matured, it became plain that poverty was keeping step with capitalist concentration. Reformers condemned the idea of unbridled liberal economic theory and drew attention to the need for social legislation. The various conditions that drew that attention were clearly manifested in the existence throughout the urban scene of: (name four such problems): ................., ....................... , ....................... , and ......................
17. Throughout the late 19th. c, Britain, the hitherto unchallenged industrial leader, faced a significant challenge from .................. . In fields such as the manufacture of organic chemicals as well as............................... she outsold Britain across the globe

(b)CULTURAL TRENDS

1. Romanticism, an early 19th-c. aesthetic movement that exalted sense over experience and faith in emotion over reliance on reason, was international in its celebration of nature and creativity. Individuals exemplifying this movement were:
   in prose .............................
   in music ............................
   in poetry ............................
2. He did not hesitate to attack Christian theology and Christian morality. For this late 19th-c. German philosopher, the approved morality for the future race of 'supermen' would be built on man's instinctive will to power and would require a ruthless trampling of the strong upon the weak . He here refers to .........................
3. He regarded variation and natural selection as the primary factors in the origin of new species; teaching that individual plants and animals with favorable characteristics for survival would transmit their inherited qualities to their descendants. This is reference to ................... whose great work, ................................... , appeared in 1859
4. The names of Emile Zola, Henrik Ibsen and George Eliot are associated with a literary genre characterized by ........................................ One such work, by _________________ , portrayed ____________________________________________________ ________________-
5. Freud considered humans as egoistic creatures propelled by basic urges, too strong to be overcome, of sex, self-preservation and ............................... which in view of the necessity to restrain their fulfillment, are driven into an area of the .................... where they linger indefinitely as suppressed desires
6. The most significant of all developments in the study of human behavior was the work of the Viennese physician .............. . He and his followers explored the role that the .................. played in all human behavior
7. Russia's outstanding novelists of the late 19th c. were Turgenev , ................. and .......................
8. The most notable pronouncement of the Vatican Council in 1869 was the dogma of papal infallibility. According to this dogma, the Pope, when speaking in his capacity as spiritual guide of all Catholics .........................................
9. The Norwegian dramatist Ibsen was regarded as one of the most shocking, disruptive and morally subversive writers of his age. Through such plays as A Doll's House, Ghosts,Hedda Gabler, etc,., he .................................. ........................
10. "I adopt the standpoint," wrote Freud, "that the inclination to ..........................is an original self subsisting instinctual disposition in man, and I return to my view that it contributes the greatest impediment to civilization, " for it perpetually threatens civilized society with disintegration
11. The mid-19th c. revolution in ........................ may be said to have begun with the discoveries of Pasteur and Koch
12. Important technological developments whose advance depended on the kinds of scientific research conducted by such men as Michael Faraday in England and Ernest Solvay in Belgium helped to create two new industries, namely, the ....................and ............... industries
13. The Origin of Species (1859) proved to be one of the seminal works of western thought and earned its author the honor of being regarded as the Newton of biology. The author was .................... and his theory explained how ................ ......
14. Documents such as the Syllabus of Errors (1864) and Rerum Novarum (1891) were important pronouncements by .......................... on public issues of the day
15. The binding authority of the Pope on all Catholics in the matter of faith and morals was proclaimed in 1870 in the doctrine of .......................
16. The elevation of Pope Leo XIII indicated a new departure in the Church's concern for the urban masses. His encyclical Rerum Novarum was an attempt to check the danger of .............. and it urged the state to ....................
17. Freud's outstanding contribution to modern science was ............................
18. The distortion of the scientific theory of Charles Darwin led to the encouragement of a most insidious doctrine regarding the development of society. This new doctrine implied that ...................

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