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Recall words     !Butter? Food? Eat? Toast? Bread? !    +    -door glass pane shade ledge sill house open  -U.-     -curtain frame view breeze sash screen shutter.U.-    ,"Recall    Door? Shutter? Glass? Window?    @'Learning ObjectivesHow does information get from short-term to long-term memory? How are memories retrieved from long-term memory? What cognitive processes produce forgetting? What does it mean to say that memory is reconstructive? Long Term Memory (LTM)    An unlimited capacity memory store Holds information over extremely long periods of time, perhaps permanently Permastore recall of classmates names after 50 years Tends to be quite accurate Flashbulb memories Vivid detailed recollections of important moments (Challenger, Princess Di s death, September 11) Tend to become less accurate over time o En E  \n           =     Encoding and Long-Term Memory   Incoming information can be processed at different levels Structural encoding (physical features) Phonemic encoding (rhymes or sounds) Semantic encoding (meaning) Deeper levels of processing produce longer lasting memory codes6:i@:i@     Enriched encoding    Elaboration Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding Thinking of an example of the psychological phenomenon you are trying to learn Generating more examples and generating them yourself improves memory even more 6      Visualization methods    4Link Method Form an image of a dog, wearing a suit, and foaming at the mouth Remember to pick up dog food, dry cleaning, shaving cream Method of Loci to memorize lines from a play practice several important lines standing in a specific location in apartment to recall, visualize walking through the apartmentr Z{ZZZ  z 4    Enriched Encoding     Self-referent encoding Make to-be-remembered material personally meaningful Accomplished by deciding whether or how material is relevant to you Seems to require increased elaboration Seems to produce memory traces that are even easier to retrieve than those produced by semantic encoding 6       Organization in LTM    FSchemas An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event Knowledge comes from previous experience People remember things that are consistent but not inconsistent with schema Scripts A schema that organizes what people know about common activities or events Provides information about the sequence of eventsnPPP}P|F    Organization in LTM    Semantic networks Consist of nodes representing concepts Related nodes are linked by pathways Spreading activation Explains why thinking about one word can make remembering closely related words easier Activating a node leads to activation spreading along the related pathwaysLLL      Retrieval     )Refers to recalling information from LTM Tip-of-the-tongue phenomena Temporary inability to remember something that you know Accompanied by the feeling that the information is just out of reach Appears to be due to a failure in retrieval Retrieval cues - stimuli that help gain access to memories VEUU;UwE;)    #"Encoding specificity and retrieval"    HRetrieval cues are better when they correspond better to the memory code State-dependent memory If you encode study material while in a good mood, you will remember it better if you try to retrieve it when you are happy Context reinstatement You will remember information better if you recall it in the same place you learned itbI|WI|W H     Context Reinstatement     Forgetting     Ebbinghaus forgetting curve Learned nonesense syllables and tested recall Most information is forgotten rather quickly and then information loss tapers off Measures of Forgetting Recall (reproduce information) Recognition (choose item from an array) Relearning (2nd memorization, time saved from having learned it previously)`B            'Explanations of forgetting    Decay Memory trace fades over time Interference People forget information because of interference from other material Interference increases as the similarity of the competing material with the learned material increases jZZ ZZZ     ?&Explanations of Forgetting!Proactive interference Previously learned information impairs the retention of new information Retroactive interference New information impairs the retention of previously learned information Motivated forgetting (Freud) Repression is the burying of distressing thoughts in the unconsciousZHZZHZZEZHHE  !  $Reconstructed memory    AMemory is not a videotape of an event It is something that is reconstructed Can contain distorted or false information Source monitoring Memory from one source is misattributed to another source Reality monitoring is the process of deciding whether a memory is based on external (event) or internal (imagination) sources &Q% P A    "Repressed Memory Controversy    Evidence for repression? In one study, 38% of women with documented histories of sexual abuse failed to remember it later Evidence for false memories? Word lists We talked to your mother. Do you remember when you got lost in a mall? ^_a__S_aT    /  ` fff33` 3KI3ff` 33ff` /p` 3%*3|` Jy3fff3f` 3ff3̙` 33ff33` DDyq3f` ̙3n` w3ff` }ff>?" dd@,?nKd@ P nA@F`d n?" dd@   @@``PR"   @ ` `2p>>   D (  D D 6P #" ``   H*0  D 6Q #" `` `  H*0 T X D "X D NXd#" `P :  D 6 \d#" `U   D S d^"UY F 0  D c $`"YW F 0   D c $d"YU F 0   D c $g" F 0   D S Lk#" `SV    D S n"Y F 0   D c $q"X F 0  D <\s #" `  `  T Click to edit Master title style! !$ D 0\u " `p  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S D 6,z #" `^ `  F*0 H D 0޽h ? }ff80___PPT10. 07  PixelG     0HG (  HT  H " H Td #"   :  H c $t "9)e   b e  H# "e  H S R"ie    H S J"9)   H S s"0    H S "?e     H S ")    H S 9"?G    H S <"oG    H S >"9G   H S "iA   H S x"A?   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