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How is information stored and later retrieved? Do you remember what you were wearing? Who you were with? How accurate is your memory? Do you know what you saw first hand versus what you heard later? Memory: the process by which information is stored for later useZTZ;ZZAZAZ  T;A  A,"Learning Objectives   How is human memory similar to the working processes of a computer? What are the differences between sensory, short-term, and long-term memory?   3'Memory as a computer A computer Receives input Converts input into a special code Saves the code on the hard drive Retrieves the data from the disk later Sometimes data is corrupted*   Memory Information must be input Noticed information is encoded Encoded information is stored Memories can be retrieved Sometimes memories are corrupted/forgotten *Processes in memory   Attention Brings information into consciousness Encoding/Storage How information gets into and is maintained in memory Retrieval How information is recovered from memory  _&__6_ _)__w &6 )    6( RSensory Memory - Preserves information from each of the senses in original sensory form Short-term memory  working memory Long-term memory  somewhat permanent storageH  QSensory Memory(   jWhy do you see a constant image in front of you when you are constantly blinking your eyes? Iconic Memory A visual snapshot of what you see Information is held for an extremely short duration of time Allows for the failure to perceive the disruption of light to your retinas caused by your blinking Display 3 rows of 4 letters How many letters can you remember? 8jPPj k  7)    :*    ;+ Most people remember 4-5 items Did we ever have a memory trace for the other 6-8 items? Or does this mean that we only attended to the 4-5 items we remembered? That is, do we not remember the other items because we never saw them? 0PPP  /#Testing Iconic Memory   A letter array is shown Array goes, tone sounds People can remember 3.3 (suggesting trace for 3.3 X 3 rows = 9.9 items) Vary length of the delay between presentation and tone to determine length of storage Longer than 1/3 second decreases performance    <,Sensory Memory (Echoic Memory Temporary store for auditory information Holds very few items, and only for about 2-3 seconds Play 3 sets of spoken letters Right ear Left ear Both ears Visual signal telling participant which set to report Allows you to understand words and sentences rather than unconnected soundsZ^ZZZ6ZLZ^6  L=-Short Term Memory (STM)   Sensory information to which we attend is transferred to short-term memory A limited capacity store that can contain unrehearsed information for about 20 s. Information can be retained in STM indefinitely by rehearsing the info How do we know rehearsal is important? 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