ࡱ> %4( / 0DTimes New Romantv 0( 0DArialNew Romantv 0( 0" DWingdingsRomantv 0( 0 ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` p0B R6]*(      21 ..5 HH,,,,>> () ()       HG   " 0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E?@8-\.]g4DdDdv 0ppp@ <4!d!d` 0L` <4BdBd 0LpZʚ;ʚ;<4dddd{ 080___PPT10 ? %p(/Models of Mental Illness and Anxiety Disorders  0  Modules 40 and 41   /Learning ObjectivesWhen is a pattern of behavior classified as a disorder? What is abnormal? What are the three prevailing models of abnormality? What criteria are used to diagnose mental illness? What are the forms anxiety disorders can take and what are their etiologies (i.e., causes)? Z!!What is a psychological disorder? "  According to the APA, behavior meets the criteria for a psychological disorder if: The behavior causes distress or dysfunction in daily activities The problem is caused by something within the person May be due to biology, learned behavior, or mental processes It is not a normal response to an external event E.g., feeling sad after loved one s death is not a disorder The problem is not an intentional reaction to some societal problem or policyVSvNSvN   +What is abnormal?~Abnormal is not just behavior that differs from  normative behavior Pulitizer prize winners, NBA players deviate from the norm but are not disordered What is normative differs among cultures Abnormal and normal behavior fall on a continuum When does normal dissociation become a dissociative disorder? Must be determined on a case-by-case basis Abnormal is deviant AND maladaptive and distressing Abnormal behavior threatens the safety of others jE{12E{12,E  "#Medical models of abnormal behavior$$  $  Physical disease causes abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Genetic causes Abnormal brain structure Hormone and neurotransmitter imbalances Focus on illness/disease rather than health Diagnosis = determining which mental illness is present Treatment of symptoms to produce cure Prognosis = probable course of illness Critics (Szasz, Millett) say mental illness is socially constructed The Loony Bin Trip by Millett Evidence is mounting that they are mostly wrongCPQP,PPDPNPCP ,D  <  ZO        C    1  #)Psychological models of abnormal behavior**  *  Abnormal behavior caused by past and current life experiences Illness, war, abuse, social rejection, failure No one psychological model Psychoanalysis perspective Childhood experience, unconscious conflict, defense mechanisms to deal w/ anxiety Behaviorist or cognitive social learning perspective Abnormal behavior is a learned response to reinforcement contingencies Affected by our expectations and role models Humanistic perspective abnormality comes from blocked potential for personal growth >P0PPPRP5PtPP=PPPP>0R5  t  =   $(Sociocultural model of abnormal behavior))      Cultural context determines the types of stressors to which we are exposed The types of disorders we have The types of treatment we receive Prevalence of disorders differs across cultures Troubled teenagers act out (e.g., bully) in US Troubled teenagers withdraw (e.g., sulk, sleep disorders) in Thailand Culture-bound syndromes Eating disorders only found in Western cultures Koro, a disorder in which Asian men refuse to leave the house for fear that their penis and testicles will be absorbed by their bodies PqP0PvPPPPPPq0v      &|      Diagnosis of Mental Illness   HThe process of grouping mental disorders based on characteristic patterns of behavior Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) American Psychiatric Association Provides a list of mental disorders Behaviors related to prominent symptoms Prevalence rates for men and women Age of onset Predisposing factors hZFZmZZFm   I  %Concerns with DSM-IV   Even with objective criteria, diagnoses using DSM-IV are not highly reliable Different therapists make different diagnoses Revised version is better than past, with checklists of observable behaviors to guide diagnosis Clinical judgments may be influenced by stereotypes about gender, race, age, etc. Descriptions of histrionic vs. anti-social PD were sent to clinicians, with gender varied Clinicians made gender consistent rather than behavior consistent diagnoses Diagnostic labels change how we view people Rosenhan study of sane people in insane places When sane people present hearing voices, subsequent normal behaviors are viewed as signs of pathologyMPPRPP-PPMR-  &      Anxiety disorders   Feelings of excessive anxiety or apprehension Generalized Anxiety Disorder Nonspecific, free-floating anxiety that is not linked to a specific source Sensitive to criticism, worries constantly Often accompanied by physical symptoms like shortness of breath, stomach ailments, diarrhea ZK__UK   Anxiety Disorders   Panic Disorder Attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur without warning Chest pains, hyperventilation, heart palpitations May lead to fear of leaving home (agoraphobia) Biological origins? Starts without provocation Attack caused changes in the prefrontal cortex Responds to drug therapy Psychological origins? Initial attack usually precipitated by some trauma Responds to relaxation & cognitive behavioral therapyvUUcUUiUci     'Anxiety Disorders   Phobic disorder Persistent, irrational fear of an object or situation that poses no threat Coping strategy is avoidance Social phobia is a fear of social situations in which one might be evaluated Phobias can result from classical conditioning and observational learning We appear to be genetically predisposed to acquire simple phobias to particular stimuli (e.g., snakes, heights).PpPp   &Anxiety Disorders   Obsessive-compulsive disorder Obsessions = intrusive, unwanted thoughts Dirt/germs, aggression, need for symmetry/order Compulsions = urges to engage in ritual behaviors in response to obsessive thoughts Checking, washing, counting, hoarding Compulsions persist because they are reinforcing (they reduce anxiety) Psychological origins? Repeated prevention of enacting compulsion during obsession can reduce compulsive behavior (extinction) Biological origins? Responds to SSRIs P*P0PUPmPPhPPPP*0Um  h      Etiology of Anxiety Disorders   Biological? Genetic predisposition Neurotransmitters OCD and serotonin Psychological? Classical conditioning and phobias Cognitive Interpretation of neutral stimuli as threat Stress often precedes onset  Z)ZZZ-Z,ZZZ ) -,&<       v  ` 3ffffƍ` 3f3fff̙3ff̙` ______` 3f33>?" dZ@$?lKd@   l@  P`lA n?" dd@   @@``PT   @ ` `p>>   P ((  (<T  ( "h ( s *"h ( s *"" ( <6G0*"p` <  ( 6H "@  T Click to edit Master title style! !$ ( 0L "@  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S (  `O ??" @  D*  (  `Q ??":Z   D*  (  `Y ??"5  H*^T   ( "n"  ( 0G"r  (B T??B ( s *޽h ? 3f3fff̙3ff̙ Capsules \ ` ,+(  , , 6_"@  < " , <cG0*"pp  <  , <|g "4    W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $lT    , "  n" ,B 0G" R r , T??"L   ,  `m ??" @   H*  ,  `o ??"     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