ࡱ> &( &/ 00DTimes New Romanhv 0( 0DArialNew Romanhv 0( 0" DWingdingsRomanhv 0( 00DTimesngsRomanhv 0( 0 ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` XP( DL     ": !  :    0e0e A@A5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E?@8-.*g4DdDdv 0.ppp@ <4!d!d` 0LT <4BdBd 0Lg4TdTdv 0pp@ ppEbʚ;ʚ;<4dddd{ 080___PPT10 ? %O =Classical Conditioning    Module 13   /Learning ObjectivesjWhat do psychologists mean when they talk about  learning ? What was Pavlov s contribution to understanding learned responses? What is classical conditioning? What are the basic processes involved in classical conditioning? What is the role of classical conditioning in the development of fears in humans?? 66What is Learning?   KA durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience Types of Learning Habituation Repeated exposure causes a dampening of subsequent responses to the stimulus Conditioning Learning associations between events or stimuli in the environment Associations tend to develop between stimuli that occur together in space or time NZ ZMZ ZZZN M    L   Classical conditioning    vProcess by which a stimulus comes to provoke a response that was initially caused by another stimulus Pavlov s dogs (1927) Collected saliva after presenting meat powder Saliva begins before presentation Pairs tone with presentation of meat Eventually presentation of this neutral stimulus (tone) causes salivation <{ZZZ{ <   Process of conditioning   Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Provokes a response w/o conditioning Unconditioned Response (UR) An unlearned reaction to a US Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Previously neutral stimulus that through conditioning can now produce a response Conditioned Response (CR) Learned reaction to a CS%Q%Q     Classical conditioning   )Classical conditioning example     Acquisition   LThe first process in classical conditioning Learning a response to a stimulus that occurs through the presentation of a US Stimulus must be novel, unusual, or strong Influenced by order and timing of the US & CS Forward or trace conditioning (CS precedes US) Simultaneous conditioning Backward conditioning (US onset precedes CS) HUwU,w  M    Extinction   UAnother basic process of classical conditioning The gradual disappearance of a CR Caused by the consistent presentation of the CS without the US Spontaneous Recovery The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period w/o the CS Provides evidence that extinction is the learning responsible for the CR is not destroyed but suppressed* V  Stimulus Generalization   TThe third basic process in classical conditioning CR in response to stimuli that are similar to but not the same as the CS Pavlov s dogs salivated not only to the original tone but to other similar tones Helpful because it allows us to generalize what we have learned to new but similar situations +Z+ +  0 Stimulus Discrimination   TGeneralization is sometimes bad Can lead to overgeneralizations, like stereotypes Some mushrooms are poisonous, some are not you need discrimination Stimulus discrimination occurs with repeated pairing of the CS (but not other similar stimuli) with the US Pavlov paired tone with black square Dog salivated to black square and gray squares Taught dog to discriminate by pairing food with black square and not with gray squares\ ZuZZZ u   1!&Can humans be classically conditioned? 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