ࡱ> !;( / 0DTimes New Roman(0(B 0 DArialNew Roman(0(B 0  DWingdingsRoman(0(B 0  C0.  @n?" dd@  @@``   sP      HG21HG,,,,HH//**HH//    !" $%&' 0e0e     A@ A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||s " 0e@        @ABC DEEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN E5%  N E5%  N F   5%    !"?N@ABC DEFFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `ab@8+?,@1g4BdBd@B 0(ppp@ <4!d!dlpC 0t;1 <4BdBdlhG 0ʚ;ʚ;<4ddddl%F 0X0___PPT10 n___PPT9PH0? %*&Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality '   Module 37   *:What concepts are important for understanding personality?external environment temperament interpretation of experience childhood experiences rewards and punishments abilities organization of reality  the self unconscious motives observable behavior enduring characteristics expectations subjective feelings sexual instincts conscious awareness  Personality   What is personality? Consistency of behavior across situations Distinctiveness of our responses to similar situations What is a personality trait? A durable tendency to behave in a particular way across situations Extraverted, honest, optimistic |ZaZZcZ ad   -#Learning ObjectivesWhat influenced Freud s formulation of psychoanalysis? What is the role of the unconscious in Freud s theory and how do we infer what is present in the unconscious? How did Freud s students, Jung and Adler, build on Freud s theories? :Freud s psychoanalytic theory   MD specializing in neurology Had many patients with nervous disorders Treated with psychoanalysis His theory grew out of sessions with clients Personality, motivation, and disorders Early childhood experiences Unconscious motives and desires Coping with sexual and aggressive urgesTUrU)UdUr)d    The Unconscious    /Perhaps his most lasting contribution Inferred the unconscious from slips of the tongue Dreams expressing secret desires Free association and resistance in psychoanalysis Today, more typically assessed using projective tests Personality inferred from responses to ambiguous stimuli e.g., Rorschach, TAT\DPgP7PNPDg7N 0   6Freud s view of personality   [Id Primitive and instinctive Operates according to the pleasure principle--instant gratification Superego internalized standards about right and wrong Includes the conscience and ego-ideal (ideals for which we strive) Ego Mediates between the id and the social world Reality principle = delay of gratification until suitable outlets are identifiedP^P PpPP~P^ p~   \   Unconscious conflicts   Unconscious conflicts between id, ego, and superego can lead to anxiety revolve around sex and aggression Can more easily satisfy urges for thirst and hunger than these urges Sexual and aggressive urges are more frequently thwarted People want to rid themselves of the anxiety <H/H/    Defense Mechanisms   Unconscious reactions that protect people from anxiety and guilt Repression Burying distressing thoughts in the unconscious Denial Never allowing the anxiety-provoking stimulus into consciousness (mothers of abuse victims) Displacement Diverting emotions (anger) from the source to someone else Projection Attributing one s own thoughts feelings to someone else LZ0ZZ\Z U;U U9UZL0\ ;  9     m  "Defense Mechanisms   JReaction formation Behaving in a way that is the opposite of how one really feels (homophobic attitudes) Rationalization Providing plausible reasons for failures or unacceptable behaviors Regression Reverting to immature behavior Sublimation Channeling urges into socially acceptable outlets (e.g., marrying someone like mom/dad)UVUUDZ ZU UXUVD   X K   Psychosexual stages    Stage theory of development Developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that influence adult personality Fixation A failure to progress to the next stage Caused by excessive gratification or excessive frustration of needsLZ lZ l    Five psychosexual stages    LOral Stage (0-1 years) Erotic focus on the mouth (sucking/biting) Task is to wean from breast/bottle Fixation can lead to obsessive eating or smoking Anal Stage (2-3 years) Erotic pleasure from retaining or expelling feces Task is toilet training Punitive training leads to hostility toward trainer or anxiety around sexual activityT M  Five psychosexual stages    Phallic Stage (4-5 years) Self-stimulation of genitals Oedipal complex emerges Oedipal complex must be resolved for healthy development 6nn   )Oedipal complex Erotic focus on opposite-sex parent Hostility toward same-sex parent, with whom they compete for the other parent s attention Fear of powerful parent leads to: For boys, development of castration-anxiety For girls, development of penis envy Hostility toward mom is because they blame them for their missing appendage Conflict resolved through identification/ emulation and development of the superegoBPPTPT=  TFive psychosexual stages    Latency (6-12 years) Sexuality is suppressed or latent Genital stage (puberty onward) Sexuality reappears Focus on the genitals again Sexuality focused on peers of the opposite sex rather than oneselfL"s"s   . 8Jung s analytical psychology   Split unconscious into two Personal unconscious = material that is not within one s conscious awareness because it has been forgotten or repressed Collective unconscious memory traces inherited from our ancestral past = archetypes Shared with all human beings First to note extraversion/introversion Also argued that personality development continued in adulthood^UU[UhU[h   n  /!:Adler s individual psychology   Disagreed with Freud s focus on sexual conflicts Personality derives from social conflicts Basic human motivation is striving for superiority rather than pleasure (Freud) A universal drive to improve oneself Compensation Efforts to overcome real/imagined inferiority Inferiority complexes (exaggerated feelings of weakness) lead to overcompensation~P%P P.PRP% .Q ]  0"#Evaluation of psychoanalytic theory$#( $  Paints a bleak view of human nature Is based on observations of nonrepresentative people Many ideas are not supported by research No evidence of penis envy, castration anxiety Personality is not fixed in childhood Enduring contributions The unconscious Defense mechanismsTZTZZ#ZT#&@      0 ` 3fffff3̙3f̙` ̙3f` ff3f` f33f3f` 3ffƍ` fff3` f33̙` 3f|>?" dZ@$?lKd@   l@  P`lA n?" dd@   @@``PT   @ ` `p>>     (  .T   "\\   "h  s *"   $0e0e BCDELF>5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E?|b4"%>Ul @   `c"$  f\   "n"  0G"r B T??"   <GH "`  T Click to edit Master title style! !*   6l "  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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PersonalityLearning ObjectivesFreuds psychoanalytic theoryThe Unconscious Freuds view of personalityUnconscious conflictsDefense MechanismsDefense MechanismsPsychosexual stages Five psychosexual stages Five psychosexual stages Oedipal complexFive psychosexual stages Jungs analytical psychologyAdlers individual psychology$Evaluation of psychoanalytic theory  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles'_Margaret KoveraMargaret Kovera  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Current UserSummaryInformation(PowerPoint Document(3DocumentSummaryInformation8