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Module 22   G-Learning Objectives\What is the focus of developmental psychology? What methods do psychologists use to measure developmental change? What are the three stages of prenatal development? What types of external factors influence the course of prenatal development? What types of abilities do newborns have and how can researchers use them to determine infant preferences?]] Developmental Psychology   How do people change over the life span? How do they develop physically? How do they learn about the world? How do they form social bonds with others? How do they develop morality? Major developmental periods Prenatal development Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Aging\)PPPCP)C   /Typical research designs   Cross-sectional studies Compare the responses of different age-groups at one point in time Less costly, cohort effects Longitudinal studies Follow the same group of people, testing them repeatedly over time More sensitive to development, more $$$ jZ`ZZkZZ`k     Prenatal development   =Major issue is physical development Germinal stage First two weeks after conception Egg is fertilized; resulting zygote implants in uterus by the end of the 2 weeks Placenta is formed Embryonic stage Two weeks to 2 months Vital organs formed; heart begins beating All major structures in place, yet only an inch long t3ZZZuZZ3u >  !Prenatal development   Fetal stage Two months through birth Movement begins as cartilage hardens Last 3 months, brain grows rapidly Viability between 22-26 weeks (40 weeks is due date; 37 weeks considered full-term) Lungs among the last things to develop 6     ,&Factors affecting prenatal development '  Nutrition Folic acid and spina bifida Cocaine Low birth weight and cognitive/social deficits Alcohol consumption Fetal alcohol syndrome Abnormal growth, developmental disabilities, facial deformities Social drinking (a drink a day) results in cognitive deficits and increased impulsivity Largest effects seen when consumed in early pregnancy Smoking related to low-birth weight and SIDS  PPP/PPP@PPP%PP /  @  %@        _  -*Maternal illness and prenatal development +  Rubella, chickenpox, mumps More problematic if illness occurs during periods of rapid development Herpes transmits during delivery HIV infection passes through placenta to affect fetus Infection can occur during delivery HIV in breastmilk 30% are infected <qq&       C,ReflexesPInnate, unlearned, adaptive behaviors Grasping when object touches palm, baby grabs on Newborn can support its own weight Rooting reflex Will toward an object that brushed cheek and open mouth Facilitates latching on for breast feeding Sucking reflex when object touches lips, baby will suck Startle reflex open eyes, arms fling open 0PKPPcPP)PPPP0Kc)      P  ;&Studying the Newborn   jHabituation and recovery Turn away from old stimuli, renewed attention toward novel stimulus Method used to study infant discrimination of voices, faces, or other stimuli Eye-tracking Measure amount of time looking at an object Nipple sucking Children can learn to suck on a nipple slower or faster Rate of sucking influences environment, demonstrates preferenceZZ Z,ZZxZ ,x   k  <'Preferences of the Newborn   Vision Sees high contrast (black and white) but not subtle difference in color Preference for faces as opposed to other patterns (including scrambled faces) Prefers mother s face to female stranger s Hearing Hears higher pitches better (motherese) differentiate mom s voice from other woman s Taste Respond to flavors excreted in mother s milkUUUUUU-UU-  &     b  .Motor development   Very predictable in sequence, although rate of development differs Lifts head Lifts chest Rolls over Sits up without support Pull to stand Cruises Walks Maturation, changes in physical developmentBCZVZ,ZCV,   v  ` 3ffffƍ` 3f3fff̙3ff̙` ______` 3f33>?" dZ@$?lKd@   l@  P`lA n?" dd@   @@``PT   @ ` `p>>   @ <(  <<T  < "h < s *"h < s *"" < <5G0*"p` <  < 6(5 "@ 5 T Click to edit Master title style! !$ < 0x5 "@ 5 RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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T3f3fOG___PPT10'.+} <D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dp ' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*C%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*CN%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*NZ%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Ze%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*e}%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*}%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+* +r\9= g},@MzrU; CE0>$0; GHOh+'0 hp $0 P \ ht| Development across the LifespanMargaret Bull Kovera, Ph.D.NC:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\Presentation Designs\Capsules.pot\ckovera23vMicrosoft PowerPointoso@@W@_@bwG& g  X& &&#TNPP,2OMin & TNPP &&TNPP    --- !---̙--- !---wc ~@  ~ ~ ~0- &Hhj2--X$*hijptyeYPJIHIJPYet(.0000.+(<KW`fhhhf`WK<y+pjih--& &}}#&}e%-3f-$ccc#c#}#}#}}--&&b%-3f-$ puy| }|yu"p#b#b--&&&& & {& --b-- @Times New Roman  ~ ~ ~0- 3f. 2 Pre. 3f. 2 -. 3f.:2 "Natal Development, Birth, and the #  # % !    . 3f.2 Newborn##.--l3-- 3f@"Arial ~@  ~ ~ ~0- ff.2  Module 22 .--"System ! ~-&TNPP &՜.+,D՜.+,|8  $ , On-screen Show!Florida International UniversityKovhk  Times New RomanArial Wingdings Capsules.Pre-Natal Development, Birth, and the NewbornLearning ObjectivesDevelopmental PsychologyTypical research designsPrenatal developmentPrenatal development'Factors affecting prenatal development+Maternal illness and prenatal development ReflexesStudying the NewbornPreferences of the NewbornMotor development  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles 8_AdHocReviewCycleID_EmailSubject _AuthorEmail_AuthorEmailDisplayName'fileorEmkovera@jjay.cuny.edueMargaret Kovera_Eckoverackovera  !"#$%&'()*+,-./013456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)PicturesbCurrent UserSummaryInformation(PowerPoint Document(2iDocumentSummaryInformation8