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Is it influenced by the environment?B5 *Methods for quantifying genetic influence ++ Family studies Compare blood relatives who vary in the amount of genetic material that they share Identical twins (share 100%) Parent/child, siblings (share 50%) Grandparent/grandchild (share 25%) Twin studies Identical versus fraternal twins L " "&0Methods for quantifying environmental influence 11  1  mAdoption studies Compare identical twins raised together to those raised apart Provide information about genetics and environment Siblings reared together are more similar than those reared apart Shared vs. non-shared environment Even for identical twins, genetics usually accounts for less than 50% of the variability in personality, somewhat more for intelligenceT"" n  $Heritability of IQ   Identical twins (100%)/together .86 Identical twins (100%)/apart .72 Fraternal twins (50%)/together .60 Siblings (50%)/together .48 Siblings (50%)/apart .24 Adoptive siblings (0%)/together .31   'Environmental influence    Better home environments are related to higher IQ School attendance is related to IQ The Flynn effect Average intelligence appears to be rising Can t be genetic--change is too rapid Reaction range Genetically determined limits on IQ ^fZPZZ$ZfP%   Are intelligence tests biased?   >Racial differences in IQ scores Genetic? 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