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"Organization of the Nervous System #  'Central Nervous System Spinal cord and brain Peripheral Nervous System Nerves outside of but connected to CNS Somatic nervous system Sends information from sense organs to CNS Sends commands from CNS to skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system Connects CNS to involuntary muscles (e.g., heart) >W2>W 2 (  Autonomic Nervous SystemK   QNerves connected to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands Controls automatic functions Sympathetic ANS Mobilizes body for emergencies Moves blood from extremities, releases adrenalin Parasympathetic ANS Takes over when action is no longer necessary Conserves bodily resources Slows heart, blood pressure, promote digestionvZPZZxZH,Ow R  The Cells of the Nervous System   %Neurons Individual cells in the nervous system receive, integrate and transmit information Sensory neurons Signals from senses & organs to CNS Motor neurons Signals from CNS to muscles, glands, organs Interneurons Neural connectors within CNS Glial Cells - structural support, insulation, gluec$, 3c$,  3@         .   Structure of the Neuron   Soma Contains the nucleus of the cell Where necessary proteins & chemicals are manufactured Dendrites branched, tree-like structure receives information sent to the neuron from other cells Sends information to soma ^X sX q    Structure of the Neuron   Axon Information travels from soma down axon Thin, long fiber that sends information from soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands May branch to communicate with many cells May be wrapped in myelin sheath to speed transmission&   Structure of the Neuron   Myelin sheath Insulation for axon made of glial cells Multiple sclerosis Axon terminals End of axon that secretes chemicals called neurotransmitters Synapse Space where information is passed from one neuron to another <== <==&*       Neurons are electrically charged !  Fluid inside and outside neuron Fluid contains ions +charged sodium and potassium -charged chloride + and - ions pass through cell membranes at different rates Chloride remains inside cell Potassium freely passes through Sodium does not pass easily j40<[40<[   Neural impulse   [Resting potential The state of a neuron at rest The inside of the neuron has a slightly negative charge (about -70mV) Action potential Neuron is stimulated by input to dendrites With sufficient stimulation, a positive charge (+20mV) travels down the axon Travels from cell body toward the axon terminal Electrical charge returns to resting state dec \  More on neural impulses   &Refractory period Length of time after firing that another action potential cannot begin All-or-none Law The action potential of any neuron always has the same size and form Neuron either fires or doesn t Conveys information about stimulus strength through the rate of firingbGG    The Synapse   Synaptic cleft Gap between two neurons Signaling neuron = presynaptic neuron Receiving neuron = postsynaptic neuron Neurotransmitters Chemicals that send information between neurons Contained in synaptic vesicles within terminal buttonsbegeg&:        Synaptic Transmission   Synthesis of transmitter Release of transmitter Transmitter binds to receptors on post-synaptic neuron Receptors release the transmitter Transmitter is reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron (reuptake)    Neurotransmitters   6Acetylcholine (ACh) Links motor neurons and muscles Curare induces paralysis by blocking Ach receptors Learning and Memory / Attention Lacking in people with Alzheimer s disease Dopamine Control of Movement / Pleasure Parkinson s (deficit), Schizophrenia (surplus) Thorazine, Cocainej aa@             More Neurotransmitters   Serotonin Regulates sleep, wakefulness, emotion Depression (deficit), OCD Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil Endorphins Natural painkillers Not related to disorders Heroin, Morphine Runner s high, triggered by sensations of pain and discomfort t ZVZ Z|ZZ V |&Z      Demonstrations   Place your hand on the shoulder of the person next to you Label parts of the neuron Send a signal Place your hand on their ankle and signal Dollar bill drop Hold between thumb and middle finger of dominant hand Catch with same fingers of nondominant hand :Rb9Rb &        ` 3fffff3̙3f̙` ̙3f` ff3f` f33f3f` 3ffƍ` fff3` f33̙` 3f|>?" dZ@$?lKd@   l@  P`lA n?" dd@   @@``PT   @ ` `p>>   ``( (  `.T  ` "\\  ` "h ` s *" `  $0e0e BCDELF>5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E?|b4"%>Ul @   `c"$  f\  ` "n" ` 0G"r `B T??"  ` <lGH "`  T Click to edit Master title style! !*  ` 6 "  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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