John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Department of Public Management

PAD 700 – Introduction to Public Management

Professor J.L. Peters Professor Andrew Rudyk

3520 North Hall 3509 North Hall

8071. 212-237-8085

jlpeters@faculty.jjay.cuny.edu arudyk@ora.fda.gov

______________________________________________________________________________

Goals: The goal of this course is to introduce students to public administration as a field of practice and as an academic discipline. This first course in the Master of Public Administration program is also designed to insure that every student engages the skills, protocols, and communication methods—both written and oral—essential to success in the program. Completing this course with B or better means that students have demonstrated the capabilities and fundamental understanding necessary for success in the remainder of the MPA program. Failure to achieve a grade of B in this course, therefore, may result in dismissal from the MPA Program.

Homework/Class Participation: Written homework will be assigned most weeks, requiring students to engage with and synthesize assigned readings prior to each class. Students will be held responsible for completing each week’s written assignment prior to class and submitting the assignment in class. All homework essays should be typed or neatly handwritten, double-spaced, and carefully proofread. Late submissions will, without exception, be penalized. In addition, failure to do each week’s assignment will greatly increase the likelihood of low grades on tests and classroom participation. Each week's class discussion will use homework questions and issues as an anchor. Questions on the midterm and final examinations are drawn directly from the homework assignments. Logical, well-organized, clearly written homework submissions are your foundation for success in this course.

Term Paper: A separate handout will be distributed.

Midterm (Week 8) and Final Exams (Week 15): Each exam will consist of essay questions based on the weekly questions in this syllabus.

Michael C. LeMay Public Administration. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2002. (You must have this book before week 2.)

Shafritz, Jay. Dictionary of American Government and Politics. New York: Harper and Collins, 1993. (This book is not required but it is highly recommended as a resource that will facilitate your progress in this course and throughout the MPA program.)

Methods of Assessment: You will be assessed on your ability to engage with and synthesize assigned readings, as evidenced by the substantive content of your weekly homework assignments, performance on exams, classroom participation and the quality of your term paper. Class participation grades are based on attendance (including lateness) as well as on how well each student helps the class understand and amplify assigned readings. All written assignments are assessed for communications skills, as evidenced by the organization, logic, clarity and grammatical correctness of each homework, exam and paper submission.

Late Submission Policy: As a matter of fairness to students who submit papers and take exams on time, all late submissions and exam-takings are penalized. For papers (including homework assignments), grade calculations begin at 90 for material submitted within a week after the scheduled class, 80 thereafter. For exams, grade calculations begin at 90 for students who take an exam within a week after the scheduled date and class hour, 80 thereafter. No exceptions will be made for any reason. Students who know they will be absent on specific dates should arrange to take exams and/or submit papers before that date. Students who are unexpectedly absent should arrange to deliver or e-mail their homework (send it as "plain text" in the E-Mail rather than as an attachment) to the instructor before the class in which the material is due. Please note that "incomplete" grades are by college policy reserved ONLY for students who, having a passing grade (B or better) on the majority of assignments and prospects of a passing grade in the course, are prevented from completing one or more final assignments by circumstances beyond their control. The instructors will not entertain incomplete requests from students whose grade, including late penalties, projects to a B- or lower.

Grading: Your work will be graded and detailed feedback will be given on the assumption that you have made your best effort. Grades of 93 to 100 (equivalent to A to A+) indicate excellent/superlative performance. Grades of 90 to 93 (equivalent to A-) indicate very good performance. Grades of 87 to 89 (equivalent to B+) indicate good performance. Grades of 83 to 86 (equivalent to B) indicate passable performance. (A "B average," (3.00 GPA) is required for graduation.) Grades of 80-82 (B-), 77-79 (C+), 73-77 C, and 70-73 (C-) or lower indicate deficient performance that must be improved to earn a B or better in the course. Weak grades for any factor on early homework assignments signal that the student must improve the quality of his/her work. Students whose homework grades improve significantly over the semester will have additional weight given to later submissions.

Grading: All grades will be calculated according to the numerical and letter grade equivalents in the above paragraph. The weighting scheme below will be used to arrive at a final class grade.

Midterm examination 20% Homework submissions 20%

Final examination 20% Class participation 20% Term paper 20%

Note 1: The principal class learning mode is a dialogue relating to the issues raised by each of the weekly questions. Your written answers to weekly questions, prepared before the class, are a prerequisite for effective class participation.

Note 2: Note 2: To adjust for holidays, the Wednesday classes will meet on Tuesday, April 15th. Monday classes will meet on Wednesday the week of October 14. Spring recess is from April 16-24^th.

Week 1 Course Introduction

Student survey; course introduction, participant expectations

Week 4 Bureaucratic Power and Politics

Read: LeMay, Chapter 3

Read: LeMay, Chapter 4

Reading: LeMay, Chapter 6 AND 14

Read: LeMay, Chapter 8

Read: LeMay, Chapter 9

Read: LeMay, Chapter 10

Read: LeMay, Chapter 11

Read: LeMay, Chapter 12 and 13

This examination will consist of three essay answers to questions that have appeared from weeks 9 through 14 in this syllabus. All questions have an equal probability of appearing on the final. The instructors will not reduce the pool of eligible questions nor forecast what will appear on the exam.

Unless the instructions state otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. Woodrow Wilson's statement, which opens Chapter 1, does NOT take the following position:

a) public administration must pursue efficiency

b) administration should be separate from politics

c) administrators should constantly experiment

d) politicians set goals for, but should not manage, administration

2. True False A value is something thought of as desirable and intrinsically worthy.

3. Which of the situations below shows "responsiveness" winning out over efficiency?

4. A basic premise of LeMay's discussion of public versus private functions is that:

a) certain services must be provided by government

b) government regulation is always necessary

c) train transportation of people and goods is an essential government function

d) prisons should be privatized.

5. In LeMay's view, "administration" differs from "bureaucracy" mainly in:

a) administration's focus on government affairs and public policy

b) administration's susceptibility to red tape

c) bureaucracy's susceptibility to red tape

d) the possibility that administration can become inward looking and self-serving

6. True False Public policy refers to decisions made by government in pursuing solutions to perceived problems.

7. True False Public administration refers to what government agencies do to develop and implement public policy.

8. True False Staff agencies deliver services directly to the public; line agencies assist staff agencies in their duties.

9. Which of the following is NOT an executive department of the US Government?

a) Environmental Protection Administration

b) Department of Commerce

c) Treasury Department

d) Veteran's Affairs

10. Which of the following agencies are examples of "government corporations"?

a) Tennessee Valley Authority

b) US Postal Service

c) Amtrak

d) All of the above

Case Study Review (Do not prepare a written answer but do be prepared to address the questions raised in class): Carefully read the case of C. Everett Koop on page 26. Which parties in the case are "responsive" in terms of your text's definitions? Which parties are exhibiting neutral competence? What groups are most impacted by the AIDS epidemic? What advantages and disadvantages do those groups have in influencing AIDS policy?

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. Read the quote that begins Chapter 2, as well as the first paragraph of the chapter. Which of the following individuals or groups had the ability to take a stand without reference to the affirmative action laws in place at the time these events occurred?

a) UCLA Chancellor Albert Carnesale

b) UCLA admissions staff

c) UCLA students

d) All of the above

2) Which of the following did NOT contribute to the rapid spread of highways after 1950?

a) positive public perception concerning living in the suburbs

b) large urban centers continuing as the primary location of business and employment

c) the rise of trucking as an effective and economical way of transporting goods

d) laws that provided upwards of 90% federal funding for every mile of interstate built

e) none of the above

3. Which of the following is NOT a factor in the increasing difficulty in getting highway and other major public infrastructure projects approved?

a) The NIMBY syndrome

b) Environmental concerns

c) Citizen resistance to higher taxes/government costs

d) Trade union lobbying

4. 4) I AGREE or DISAGREE (<--Circle one based on your opinion of the following statement. Be prepared in class to explain your choice.) When the author of your text addresses the abortion issue in general as one of a women's right to privacy versus the society's right to regulate medical practice to protect fetuses, he is framing the issue in terms of individual versus collective rights where the courts, so far, seem to have come down on the side of individual rights.

5. This is an exercise is reading chapter notes (which you should always do). Read chapter note 5 (page 40--the notes are at the back of the book) and identify which of the following statements best summarizes the trend in court decisions concerning affirmative action.

a) Arabs and Jews can not be counted as whites in group discrimination suits

b) Disparate impact alone is insufficient to prove that discrimination occurred

c) Affirmative action plans must specifically address proven, intentional discrimination

d) The burden of proof of discrimination is shifted to complainants.

6. The Progressive Party is identified with which of the following public administration reforms?

a) primary elections

b) split ticket voting

c) the "Merit System"

d) expanded voter registration

7. True False Minor parties, such as the Green Party and Ross Perot's Reform Party, are essentially without influence because they fare so poorly in elections.

8. Interest groups influence policy by:

a) publicly advocating a position on a particular issue

b) meeting frequently with public officials, including legislators and bureaucrats

c) contributing campaign funds to candidates for elected office

d) all of the above

9. Figure 2.3 on page 45 (which you should commit to memory) illustrates the "Iron Triangle." This chart conveys which of the following propositions?

10. I AGREE or DISAGREE (<--Circle one based on your opinion of the following statement. Be prepared in class to explain your choice.) The ways in which the trucking industry is helped along by the interstate highway system is analogous to the way in which railroads were helped along by federal land grants in the 1800's.

Essay Question: Look at Figure 2.1 on page 33. Go over it until you understand it. Then, with respect to the corporate scandals of the past two years, discuss the "conversion process" that has led to a new governmental regulatory stance towards behavior by executives and accounting firms. What was the prevailing environment? What were the inputs, within-puts and outputs that contributed to the policy?

Case Study Review (Do not prepare a written answer but do be prepared to address the questions raised in class): Cite examples to show the extent that the arguments surrounding the Berkeley case are couched in terms of excellence versus access. Cite examples to show the extent to which arguments from any quarter are based on statistics relative to racial and ethnic balance. Give examples of how actors in this case point the finger at other actors/laws/policies in order to rationalize their own behavior.

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. The quote that leads off Chapter 3 identifies four cures for the ills of the New Orleans Police Department. Write "1" beside the cure below that you think was most important, "2" beside the cure you think was next most important, "3" by the third most important, and "4" beside the least important cure. Be prepared to explain your reasoning in class.

Termination and disciplining of errant officers ____

Establishing a stronger, tougher Public Integrity Division ____

Raising the salary of officers and increasing the number of members on the force ____

Making all accountable for crime on their watch through statistical tracking ____

2. According to your text, agencies derive their strength from:

a) expertise in the issues addressed by the organization

b) the culture of the organization

c) effective leadership at the top of the organization

d) all of the above

3. The text discusses the relationship between the values an organization holds and the values held by society in general. Which of the statements below about this relationship most accurately reflects the position taken by your text?

a) society's values and an organization's values must always be identical

b) society's values and an organization's values should diverge substantially

c) society's values and an organization's values should correspond fairly closely

d) society's values are always the guide for an organization's policies

4. Organization culture serves the following purposes:

5. What role does a "bureaucratic ideology" serve the most?

a) communicating purpose to those inside and outside the organization

b) obtaining member compliance for what the organization needs to do

c) helping executives control what goes on inside the organization

d) signaling support of constitutional principles

6. Making sure you are ready to defend your choices in class, pick what you think is the right approach for an organization to take when it suddenly faces a major crisis.

a) Keep to traditional ideology and ways of doing things

b) Pay lip service to traditional ideology but change the way things are done

c) Adopt a new ideology and change the ways things are being done accordingly

d) Enunciate a new ideology but keep doing most things as you always have

7. A bureaucracy's sources of power DOES NOT include:

a) its actual and perceived expertise

b) the political support it gets

c) the ratio of administrative staff to line personnel

d) the extent of its jurisdiction and the autonomy it enjoys

e) the political ability of the leader of the agency

8. Match up, by drawing lines, each basis of organizational structure with the corresponding agency whose make-up largely reflects that basis.

Purpose Department of Agriculture

Process Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

Geography General Services Administration

Clientele Department of Taxation and Finance

9. The search for a perfect policy solution to a problem is limited by:

a) time constraints

b) union contracts

c) money constraints

d) all of the above

10. Allison's view is that the major element reducing bureaucratic bargaining over an issue is:

a) instances in which an issue clearly falls within the jurisdiction of a specific agency

b) situations where separate agencies each have strong stakes regarding an issue

c) a lack of skilled and powerful bargainers in agency leadership roles

d) subordinates' reluctance to go along with proposed policy changes

Essay Question: Write an essay in which you identify and then discuss the three key things that you believe George Sinnot did to modernize and re-legitimize the New York State Civil Service Commission. What general lessons can you, as a present/future civil servant, draw from Sinnot's agency leadership?

Case Study Review (Do not prepare a written answer but do be prepared to address the questions raised in class): How does "groupthink" arise in organizations from natural and/or common elements of organizational culture and structure that go "over the top"? What goes awry to create an organization's (or division or workgroup's) sense of invulnerability, moral superiority, rationalizing away warning signs, strict conformity, blind unanimity and mind-guarding against ineffectiveness and failure? Use real life examples if you can.

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. The difference between a federal system and a "confederal" system is that:

a) some power resides in the national government

b) a national government and several sub-national governments exist

c) states have a veto power over national government policies

d) power and authority is shared between national and state governments

2. The values embedded in the constitution of the United States DO NOT feature:

a) protection of minority points of view

b) governance mechanisms to guard against tyranny

c) efficient and prompt government administration

d) dispersion of the power to decide public policy

3. TRUE FALSE When New York City has its income taxes paid via New York State tax forms, this is an example of vertical federalism.

4. The federalism model that most blurs the distinction between federal and state governments is:

a) dual federalism

b) marble cake federalism

c) picket fence federalism

d) coercive federalism

5. A reliance on supply side economics, limited government and devolution of responsibilities to states and localities is associated with:

a) fiscal federalism

b) renewed federalism

c) cooperative federalism

d) creative federalism

6. TRUE FALSE Fiscal federalism examines the relative roles of federal and state governments in promoting economic stability and efficiently distributing recourses.

7. Which of the following are examples of an externality is:

a) acid rain

b) discarded car tires

c) buying a hamburger

d) a AND b

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. TRUE FALSE An organization is a group of individuals working together to achieve common goals and structured into a division of labor to better pursue those goals.

2. Which of the following individuals is NOT, according to your text, a classical organization theorist?

a) Adam Smith

b) Chester Barnard

c) Henri Fayol

d) Max Weber

3. Fill in below the four central values of "scientific management." Be ready to discuss in class the relevance of each of these values to organization and management today.

a)_______________________________ b) _____________________________________

4. TRUE FALSE Bureaucracy, according to Weber, is an impersonal system of organization run on the basis of "calculable rules" and staffed by full-time professional employees rather than political appointees.

5. Connect, with lines and arrows, the following individuals to the type of authority that MOST fits their positions.

Fidel Castro Traditional

Pope John Paul Legal-Rational

George W. Bush Charismatic

6. Which of the following individuals in NOT a human relations theorist?

a) Chester Barnard

b) Leonard White

c) Abraham Maslow

d) Douglas MacGregor

7. Of the following characterizations of Barnard's thinking about how employees are induced to perform and how organizations are structured, which is the LEAST accurate?

a) management directs and employees should comply--regardless of all else

b) formal AND informal understandings between managers and workers hold the key

c) a leader's authority depends on the followers' willing acceptance of that authority

d) organizations are structured by internal and informal factors, not just tasks to be done

8. Elton Mayo DID NOT, from his research, conclude that:

a) work group pressure helps determine output level

b) workers who are paid attention to produce better

c) pay and benefits and physical working conditions are the major work motivators

d) organizations are most accurately viewed as social institutions

9. As best you can, based on your existing level of knowledge of the organizations below and your clear understanding of Figure 5.2 on page 123, circle either Theory X, Theory Y or Theory Z next to each organization, depending on which management style you believe would tend to prevail. Be ready to discuss your choices in class.

a) Any Bobby Knight Basketball Team Theory X Theory Y Theory Z

b) The NYPD Theory X Theory Y Theory Z

c) John Jay College of Criminal Justice Theory X Theory Y Theory Z

d) Your Job _____________________ Theory X Theory Y Theory Z

10. According to Herbert Simon:

a) rationality is relative to the environmental context of the organization

b) a decision-maker's choices are limited by habit, ability and personal values

c) management information systems are crucial to improved organizational decisions

d) all of the above

11. TRUE FALSE A system is any organized collection of parts united by prescribed interactions and designed for the accomplishment of a specific goal or purpose.

12. TRUE FALSE The Total Quality Management (TQM) employs "quality circles"--small groups (3-15) of workers who discuss, analyze and solve problems experienced on the job.

Case Study Review (Do not prepare a written answer but do be prepared to address the questions raised in class): After consulting Figure 5.1, write an essay in which you assess the degree to which your present or past workplace (comparisons between different employers, if possible, would also strengthen your answer) satisfied the various levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Discuss why your organization or organizations could only achieve a particular level and what might be done so that the organization(s) could move the mix of employee motivators up a notch or two.

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. The opening vignette of Chapter 6 relates to which of the following issues and/or values that we have already dealt with in class?

a) coercive federalism

b) subservience of administrative efficiency to other values

c) equality of opportunity

d) a and b and c

2. By inserting the numbers 1-5 as appropriate, correctly order below the steps of the rational-comprehensive model of decision-making.

___ identify alternatives

___ select the alternative with the most benefits and the least cost

___ clarify goals and determine objectives

___ identify the problem

___ measure the benefits and costs of each alternative

3. TRUE FALSE Decision-making is the process of choosing one course of action from among the choices available.

4. When the rational comprehensive model assumes that a "single actor" makes the decisions knowing all the costs and benefits of all the alternatives:

a) it idealizes what are really multi-party decisions based on less than full information

b) it rejects any role for politics in decision-making

c) it pushes the values of efficiency and neutral competence

d) all of the above

5. Check below any factor likely to frustrate any real world "rational" decision-maker.

___ multiple organizational actors have a piece of the decision-making action

___ turf battles will erupt, often featuring blind resistance

___ looming time limits will hurry decisions

___ disputes will arise over what facts are relevant to decision, or even what is or is not a fact

___ not everyone who has a say in the decision gives a damn about a "rational" decision

6. When a decision situation includes participants who have irreconcilable values and objectives, and also have independence and power, the most likely decision-making model is:

a) rational comprehensive

b) bargaining

c) incremental

d) participative

7. Rank the recent policy decisions below in order from the one that achieved the greatest consensus (1) to the one that achieved the least consensus (3).

___ federalizing airport security

___ having the new Homeland Security Department absorb existing agencies (e.g., Coast Guard)

___ toughening up the federal laws on corporate crime

___ selecting the design of the new buildings/memorial at the WTC site.

8. Of the "participatory decision" situations below, which do you believe is least participative?

a) statewide referenda on specific policies

b) union members participation in developing and ratifying contracts with employers

c) local community school boards in New York City

d) public participation in hearings that precede administrative decisions

9. Public choice model assumptions DO NOT include:

a) ethical awareness is sufficient to keep most employees honest

b) self interest is the principal motivator of anyone's behavior

c) competition sets up incentives that make most people strive for better performance.

d) low cost, efficient government is a goal that the general public wants pursued

10. LeMay identifies rewarding favored political friends as a corrupt act. Tick off any of the following that YOU believe are corrupt.

___ Bush selecting Dick Cheney, an old crony of his Dad's, as Vice President

___ Giuliani appointing Howard Safir, a long time associate and loyalist, as police commissioner

___ Clinton's pardon of Marc Rich, fugitive ex-husband of big campaign contributor Denise Rich

___ Tommy Mattola, record company executive, pushing the career of main squeeze Mariah Carey

a) organizations imply stability while evaluation suggests change

b) organization generates commitment while evaluation inculcates skepticism

c) organizations embrace evaluation while evaluators are cautious about their product

d) organizations relate to programs and clientele while evaluation relates to actions and objectives

3. Results-oriented management and evaluation (Figure 14.3) differs from process oriented management and evaluation (Figure 14.4) in that:

a) resource inputs are measured

b) program activity is measured

c) program outcomes are measured

d) assessments are made of program performance

4. TRUE FALSE An evaluation study that shows no measurable result is clear proof that the policy is not working.

5. Of the following statements based on Box 14.1 "Air Combat Command" rank the statements from 1 (most agree) to 4 (least agree) based on your degree of agreement with each statement.

___ competition improves performance, even in bureaucracy

___ workers are often most able to know and fix problems

___ allowing organizational units to keep/reinvest savings encourages them to economize

___ if it doesn't get measured, it doesn't get improved

6. Leaders in a political bargaining environment have to factor the wishes of subordinates into their decisions because:

a) employees do not enthusiastically carry out policies on which their input was ignored

b) disaffected employees can and do leak damaging information about policies they oppose

c) managing in general is easier when employees feel of part of the policy-making process

d) all of the above

7. Figure 14.5 can best be summarized as

a) fixing one problem sets the stage for another to surface

b) courts are the primary mechanism for redirecting policy

c) crime is intractable

d) the primary policy tradeoff in government is between schools and prisons

8. Administrators are powerful in the policy process because

a) they are in a position to define both issues and solutions

b) they control much of the information about the issue

c) the agency's cost-effectiveness and due process values resonate with other policy-makers

d) all of the above

9. "Scrapping the INS" (Box 14.3) is about to happen. The enforcement elements of the INS are heading to the Homeland Security agency. Pick, from the options below, the combination of "trigger" (precipitating event) and fundamental problem that you believe led to the break-up.

a) Representative Rogers’ legislation and poor INS management

b) Representative Rogers’ legislation and conflict between the goals the INS pursued

c) 9-11 and its aftermath and the conflict between the goals the INS pursued

d) 9-11 and its aftermath and poor INS management

10. TRUE FALSE Policy analysis is a study to assess the probable effects of a policy, while program evaluation is the systematic examination to determine the long and short-term effects of an existing program.

11. In general, capital management (Box 14.4) does its poorest job in terms of

a) planning projects

b) building projects

c) accounting for projects

d) maintaining completed projects

13. TRUE FALSE The three major program evaluation standards are compliance, efficiency and effectiveness.

Read the "Clean Air' case (Box 6.1). Answer the questions in the final paragraph. Also answer the following: You are the EPA chief for New York State considering toughening statewide auto emission standards. Your staff research shows that the state loses 1000 jobs for every .1% reduction in auto emissions, which in turn prevents 100 people from getting chronic lung disease over the next 50 years. How many .1%'s do you reduce emission by?

Question for In-class Discussion (Do not prepare a written answer but do be prepared to address the questions raised in class): Using the basic model of the public policy process in figure 14.2 (particularly the headings across the top row) consider how the issue of racial profiling has gone from being barely a blip on the policy radar to a situation with numerous policy responses. These responses include the removal of police executives supportive of profiling (New Jersey), detailed traffic top record keeping (many police agencies) and the U.S. Department of Transportation's refusal to profile passengers in making security checks to prevent terrorism against airlines. How did anti-profiling forces marshal the resources and generate the research, opinion making and decision-making to achieve anti-profiling laws and policies. How do these methods compare with "elitist" methods?

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. What does the "retirement time bomb" mean for the public organization recruitment, quality of service and reliability of performance? You may write a draft answer to this question as a basis for your discussion in class. This answer does not have to be submitted but you must be ready.

2. PODSCORB does not include the following (check the item that doesn't fit): ( ) budgeting, ( ) managing, ( ) reporting, ( ) coordinating, ( )directing, ( ) staffing, ( ) organizing.

3. TRUE FALSE Traditional government management is designed to promote bureaucratic responsiveness to centralized control by executive staff agencies and to professionalize administrative practices and personnel.

4. An objective is a (circle one-->) SHORT TERM or LONG TERM goal.

5. Customer assessments can be accomplished by all of the following methods except:

a) surveys

b) informal meetings

c) focus groups

d) a general election

6. A management approach that emphasizes employees' desire for personal growth is:

a) operations research

b) organizational development

c) program evaluation

d) quality circles

7. The ideas of public sector entrepreneurialism DO NOT include:

a) infusing competitiveness

b) adopting private sector practices

c) making unions less powerful

d) strengthening professional autonomy

8. Take a chance! For the unit, division or agency you work for (or for some organization with which you are familiar) specify a clear, measurable objective. ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________.

Identify a performance indicator for this objective _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. TQM (Total Quality Management):

a) allows more self-direction by line workers

b) emphasizes teamwork

c) focuses on quality improvements

d) all of the above

10. Strategic management seeks to best position the organization with respect to:

a) tactics

b) objectives

c) environment

d) time frames

11. Government management differs from private management in that:

a) political decision-making sets policy

b) no "bottom line" measure like profit is used

c) its ultimate boss is society in general, not customers or shareholders

d) all of the above

12. Which of the following sets of government agencies embodies a "boundary problem."

a) Food and Drug Admin./State Dept.

b) FBI/NYPD

c) NYC Board of Ed./Philadelphia School Board

d) Border Patrol/US Army

Essay Questions: (Submit both questions in writing.)

1. What advantages (or disadvantages) does each aspect of the reengineering approach (Column A) offer over the more traditional ways of staffing and managing workers (Column B) in getting the government's jobs done? Your answers may be presented in bulleted form.

Column A Column B

Fewer job categories Many job titles

Diffused authority, boss facilitates Boss calls the shots

Flexible rewards for performers Seniority/test-taking is path upwards

Range of skills taught to employees Mastering specific position skills emphasized

Executives plan, spur innovation Executives keep agency on steady keel

2. Compare the organization you work for, or one you have worked for, with each of the GAO's six features of successful government programs (Figure 7.2).

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. Of all the factors, issues and incidents that in the case study that opens Chapter 8, which most hits home with YOU? Be ready to explain your choice in class discussion.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. TRUE FALSE Public personnel administration can be defined as the totality of government organization, policies, procedures and processes used to match the needs of public agencies with the people who staff those agencies.

3. Personnel does NOT refer to the following:

a) employees of the organization

b) personal privacy issues

c) a department responsible for hiring

d) function of selecting and hiring

4. Exactly who staffs a given agency can be determined by:

a) unions

b) professional associations

c) agency clientele

d) political parties

e) all of the above

a) spoils system

b) government by the "common man"

c) patronage system

d) merit system

6. Which of the following programs effect the selection of employees by considering factors that may not relate directly to job performance?

a) veteran's preference

b) seniority systems

c) affirmative action

d) all of the above

7. Figure 8.4 on page 194 suggests that:

a) education is the most heavily unionized government service

b) more and more government employees are opting for unionization

c) a significant increase in unionized government service workers occurred in the late 1990's

d. all of the above

8. TRUE FALSE New York is among those states that allow public employee strikes.

9. Rank the performance appraisal systems below in terms of how YOU, as an employee, would react to that appraisal system. (Give a 1 to the system you most favor, 5 to your least favorite.)

___ forced distribution rankings (you and fellow employees must be ranked best to worst)

___ personal trait scales (are you cooperative, eager, take directions well, etc.)

___ behaviorally anchored scales--BARS (are you late--or whatever--0,1,2,3,4,5+ times a month)

___ checklists (you did/didn't ask "You want fries with that?" etc.)

___ MBO (have you achieved what you and your manager agreed to last year)

10. The personnel management organizations established by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 does not include:

a) Office of Personnel Management

b) Civil Service Commission

c) Merit Systems Protection Board

d) Federal Labor Relations Authority

1. Taking the five classification system principles listed on page 191, defend one of the following positions: Classification systems contribute to the effective performance of government agencies OR Classification systems detract from the effective performance of government agencies.

2. Of the following five principles of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, which do you think, given your experience in and/or your expectations for your government career, is the most important protection for government employees: (1) Fair and equitable treatment; (2) Equal pay for equal work; (3) Retention of good performers; (4) Protection against arbitrary action, (5) Protection against retaliation for reporting wrong-doing. Make sure that you carefully explain your choice, both in terms of what you believe is best for you personally and for the government worker in general.

Case Study Review (Do not prepare a written answer but do be prepared to address the questions raised in class): Chapter Eight's case study underscores that (1) public sector salaries lag behind the private sector and (2) as jurisdictions revenues differ, so do pay scales and the number of public servants hopping from one place to another. How does this affect the retention of teachers and cops in cash-strapped cities like New York?

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. Which of the following propositions is true?

a) authority and leadership are synonymous

b) leadership is only exercised by those holding formal organizational position

c) employees have no choice but to follow those in authority

d) a leader's effectiveness depends on the ability to energize others to act

2. Use your judgment to classify President Bush in one of the following categories. Be prepared to discuss and defend your choice in class.

___ Active-positive ___ Active-negative ___ Passive-positive ___ Passive-negative

3. The Governor Wilson case (Box 9.1) shows that:

a) political fallout can negate policy success

b) practical and popular policies need not fit the platform of the Governor's political party

c) better health care and environmental protection are important with voters

d) all of the above

4. TRUE FALSE Leadership functions include defining agency mission and goals, embodying the organization's purposes, defending the organization's integrity and bringing order to its internal conflicts.

5. Groupthink undermines effective decision-making by (check all that apply)?

___ Limiting information ___A bias towards the existing consensus

___ Offering multiple decision options ___"Yessing" the leader to death

6. TRUE FALSE Charismatic leadership is based on the personal qualities of the leader, which induces others to follow willingly, NOT on any legal position of authority that the leader may or may not hold.

7. The criticism of trait theories of leadership include (check all that apply):

___ the essential traits have never been established

___ traits that work at one organizational level may not at another

___ no single leader has ever exhibited most of these traits

___ effective leaders often display traits that are opposite to one or another leadership trait

8. Based on Figure 9.4, transactional leaders try to (check all that apply):

___ determine what the subordinate is to do

___ determine what the subordinate's needs are

___ build the subordinate's confidence

___ lay out the employee's effective performance as a path to fulfilling the employee's needs

9. TRUE FALSE McGregor sees leadership as a function of leader, followers, organizational characteristics and the environment of the organization.

10. Based on Figure 9.4, transformational leaders try to (check all that apply):

___ instill confidence in subordinates

___ have followers subordinate their self-interest to that of the organization and its mission

___ compel followers to obey

___ change the organizational culture

11. Public administrators are held accountable by . . .

a) elected executives

b) legislators

c) the media

d) the constitution

e) all of the above

12. Agency officials may be required to reveal the inner workings of their agencies during:

a)GAO audits

b) budget justifications

c) legislative hearings

d) all of the above

Essay Questions: (Submit in writing)

1. Each of the Governors (Miller, Davis, Warren, Leavitt, Barnes) profiled in Chapter 9 has, to some extent, acted as if they were neither Republican nor Democrat and pursued what might be described as "statewide" policies. What electoral basis allows a jurisdiction's chief executive to act on behalf of the electorate in general? Why can't legislators do the same, and what kind of policies do individual legislators most tend to pursue?

2. Read the personnel and performance case (Box 9.5). Why do you think the New York State Civil Service Commission remained unchanged despite 27 reports over 20 years recommending major changes? What personal qualities and job experiences did George Sinnott have that made him succeed where others had failed? In what ways did George Sinnott connect the restructuring of jobs with the saving of jobs? Why did the unions like and respect this "representative of management?" Finally, how would your have reacted if, like Sinnott, a new boss came in and started off by saying the place was a disgrace, but that you were talented enough to turn it around.

Case Study Review (Do not prepare a written answer but do be prepared to address the questions raised in class): Review the styles of leadership set forth in your text (237-239). Thinking ONLY of leaders you have directly observed (at work, school, social organizations), identify the style of the leader you thought most effective. Explain why this leader was effective and why you believe this leadership style applies. Then, for the worst leader you've observed, answer the same questions.

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. The opening vignette of Chapter 10 indicates that (check all that apply):

___What people want may not always serve them well

___ People can and do vote bad ideas into being

___ Circumstances can trump politicking

___ Communication is an easy thing to get wrong

2. In Chapter 10's opening case, the person calling in the Concord fire:

a) miscoded the address information

b) incompletely coded the address information

c) probably added confusion to the information transmission by being excited

d) all of the above

3. In naming a street Nuthatch, the Street Naming Commission:

a) failed to anticipate the reaction of the primary recipients of the message--the residents

b) were wrong to name the street after another bird

c) continued their undemocratic approach to street naming

d) all of the above

4. Rank the following aspects of formal organizational communication in the order that you think is most important (1 = most important; 4= least important).

___ promotes accountability

___ covers the writers butt

___ clarifies policies

___ creates standards/practices for all to follow

5. Rank the following modes of communication. Give the number one rank to the mode that MOST promotes informal communication, and the number five rank to the mode that least facilitates informal communication.

___ policy manuals (i.e., NYPD Patrol Guide)

___ emails and voice mail

___ verbal communication on the job

___ dialogues at professional conferences

___ discussions between co-workers at a party

6. Effective communication is:

a) tied to a clear purpose or objective

b) formulated with the recipient(s) in mind

b) verified as to delivery

d) all of the above

7. Scale each of the "Factors and Techniques for Credibility" factors (Table 10.1) in terms of how much they contributed to Rudy Giuliani's effectiveness in communicating with the public about the atrocity of September 11th.

FACTOR Small (1) Contribution Moderate (3) Contribution Big Contrib. (5)

Rank 1 2 3 4 5

Goodwill 1 2 3 4 5

Expertise 1 2 3 4 5

Image 1 2 3 4 5

Shared Values 1 2 3 4 5

8. For the following list of items, put a "G" when you think the item represents "Good" information helpful for managing; and put a "P" when you think the item represents "problematic" information that is likely to pose difficulties for management.

___ high information volume ___ information about organizational problems

___ rumors ___ off the cuff remarks by the CEO/agency head

___ prioritized information ___ information accessible to all employees

___ information organized in ways relevant to the task at hand

9. TRUE FALSE Information forthcoming from managers who are secretive, controlling and manipulative is most often met with employee suspicion, cynicism and apathy.

10. For each of the three sections of Figure 10.3 (page 255) write below the ONE element that you think is MOST needed in your organization. Be prepared to explain your choices in class.

Behavioral Principles _________________________________________________________

Process Principles ____________________________________________________________

Policy Principles _____________________________________________________________

11. For each of the factors below that interfere with effective communication place an "L" if the factor mostly "Limits" communication, and a "D" if the factor mostly "Distorts" communication.

___ distrust of superiors ___ message travels through many persons

___ one's desire to move up ___ competition between agency units

___ rumor mills ___ powerful superiors

Essay Question: Having read the COMPSTAT article, how can the Internet facilitate the transmission of organizational information that (1) doesn't get distorted in transit, (2) is available to organization members high and low, and (3) establishes confidence in both employees and the public about management's policies and intentions?

Question for In-class Discussion (Do not prepare a written answer but do be prepared to address the questions raised in class): Thoughtfully defend or reject the following proposition: Grapevines and cliques are, on balance, destructive to organizations.

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

1. The mini-case that opens Chapter 11 is most about:

a) super-majorities being required for a locality to commit for school construction

b) the possibility of building schools that may not be needed

c) state legislatures shifting the hard decisions down to localities

d) the proposal of a simple majority vote for the approval of school construction

2. TRUE FALSE Budgeting is the formal mechanism for obtaining, distributing and monitoring the revenues used by administrative agencies.

3. Match the revenue "types" in the first column with the New York examples in the second column. Put the appropriate column 2 letter in front of its matching revenue type in Column 1.

____ Direct taxes a. Bridge tolls, less collection expenses

____ Indirect taxes b. New York City Municipal Bonds

____ User fees c. rental income from park concessionaires

____ Grants from other governments d. Admission fees for Jones Beach

____ Profits from government enterprises e. New York City Sales Tax

____ Borrowing f. State aid for City schools

____ Franchising g. state income tax

4. TRUE FALSE A progressive tax is one in which individuals with higher incomes pay a larger percentage of their income in tax, those with lower incomes pay a lower percentage.

5. TRUE FALSE A regressive tax is one in which people with lower incomes pay a larger percentage of their income in tax, while those with higher incomes pay a lower percentage.

6. Read Chapter 11's definition of "tax expenditures." Then check off all of the following items that you believe to be tax expenditures.

___ home mortgage interest deductions

___ tax credits for buying hybrid fuel vehicles

___ tax free savings accounts for your children's higher education

___ $3000 per person deductions for dependents

___ corporate deductions for research and development expenses

7. After the executive prepares the annual budget proposal, it is submitted to the legislature for:

a) review

b) approval

c) modification

d) all of the above

8. TRUE FALSE After a budget has been "executed" (all fiscal year spending is done), as audit determines whether financial resources were used in accordance with the law, efficiency and the successful pursuit of program outcomes.

9. Capital budgeting items:

a) are paid for over time

b) are tangible assets such as equipment and buildings

c) are usually financed by bonds

d) all of the above

10. A budget that organizes expenditures around the agency's objectives and accomplishments is:

a) line item

b) incremental

c) performance

d) capital

e) operating

11. Operating budget items include:

a) salaries

b) supplies

c) rents

d) all of the above

12. TRUE FALSE A deficit is the amount of money a government spends in any given fiscal year above the amount it collects from all revenue sources for that same fiscal year.

Essay Question: Congressional budget reform from 1975 through the 1990's seemed designed to accomplish multiple objectives--limiting presidential budgeting power, creating structures to help Congress budget better, and establishing deficit reduction formulas. Describe and discuss the measures that Congress undertook to achieve each of these objectives.

Question for In-class Discussion: (Do not prepare a written answer but do be prepared to address the questions raised in class): How are monetary policy and fiscal policy used to manage the economy? Who is responsible for shaping each type of policy and how does each type of policy work? When looked at from a fiscal policy perspective, do you think taxation is a reliable means of controlling the amount of spendable cash in the U.S. consumer pockets?

Unless a question notes otherwise, students must answer these questions, including the essay and/or case study questions, in writing PRIOR to the class in which they are to be discussed. Absence from class does not affect this requirement. If you cannot attend a given class, your professor must get your work for the week, either at his/her mailbox or office or via e-mail, prior to the class in which it is due. Automatic point deductions will be taken from the grade of any homework that is submitted late, regardless of reason.

____ Manipulation of California energy prices by Enron

____ Bogus accounting by corporations such as Enron and Worldcom

____ Microsoft taking over 90+% of the operating system market

____ Strong-arm tactics barring entry into New York's private trash hauling market

2. Which of the following activities is NOT a product of "social regulation?"

a) airbag requirements

b) recycling rules

c) work safety rules

3. When agencies create and enforce rules/regulations, due process requires (check all that apply):

___ Adequate notice of rules creation ___ Public hearings for proposed rules

___ Rules reasonably connected to agency's mandate ___ Hearings for accused rules violators

___ An avenue of appeal to the courts

4. The power of the courts over bureaucracy is not absolute because (check all that apply):

___ courts can only act on cases brought to them

___ many issues are NOT subject to court jurisdiction

___ mere opposition to an agency action is not enough to bring a case before a court

___ the courts often defer to agency expertise

5. From the 1970's to the present, the overall increase in administrative hearings by government agencies has been fueled by:

a. increased immigration c. employment discrimination claims/grievances

b. due process for entitlement recipients d. all of the above

6. Reading 12.1 underscores the complexity of environmental regulation. Check off below any factor complicating regulation that appears in the reading

___ emissions from one state pollutes the air in other states

___ federal regulation may impose pollution standards that cities are powerless to meet

___ states are not shy about suing each other over pollution issues

___ lawsuits by affected parties can put regulatory proposals on hold until courts decide

1. Clientele groups strongly influence government agencies "when program benefits are concentrated but costs are widely distributed." Taking the USDA as an example, this means that:

a. because farmers share USDA benefits with many other groups, few people complain

b. because most of us don't understand agriculture, we don't lobby the USDA

c. because 98% of us pay only a small amount for farm subsidies, getting involved isn't worth it.

2. Agencies develop "strategies of support" targeting their clientele groups because:

a) needy clients require plenty of support

b) agencies manipulate naive clients

c) mobilized clients can help the agency

d) agencies can not lobby the legislature

3. If you are an individual who feels strongly about one or another issue that government regulates, the message of Chapter 12 is

a) you might as well forget about having any influence

b) your best bet is to write a lot of personal letters to official decision-makers

c) you ought to get real passionate about the issue

d) you ought to create or get involved with an organization having clout on the issue

4. Public hearings, and other "media-genic" policy inputs such as protests, tend to

a) exaggerate the conflict and negativity surrounding a policy

b) provide opportunities for crowd lobbying

c) act like a pressure valve, allowing people to let of steam by being heard

d) all of the above

5. Remembering that an interest group's power is a function of its size, dispersion, organization and intensity, rank these interest groups from most (1) to least (5) powerful.

___ Motion Picture Association of America

___ National Rifle Association

___ American Association of Retired Persons

___ American Manufacturing Association

___ NAACP

6. When would you support regulations that cost more than the actual benefits provided?

a) when saved human lives are among the benefits (side impact airbags)

b) when the regulation curbs obnoxious business practices (telemarketing)

c) when the "problem" to be regulated has irreversible, negative outcomes (species extinction)

d) when the risks of non-regulation include catastrophic outcomes (terrorist bombs on airliners)

Question for In-class Discussion (Do not prepare a written answer but do be prepared to address the questions raised in class): In the twelve stages of rule-making (331-333), only at stage nine does substantive public participation occur. Analyze the first eight steps of the rule-making process in terms of:

--What parties get to influence the process?

--How are opportunities to influence distributed? Do some get more shots? How? Who?

--Are there points at which public preferences can get expressed, even if indirectly?

--What does this say for the extent and nature of democratic influence on rule-making?