ÿWPCo  ¸#e5‚ ‚0 ú ÙÌ[ßbgá‰o §ÜYÌ–T€9- @'~ã¬úÝ%¤p.xÉU$ñ< ™¼‚ Š2ž 5­÷!Ô²uöNo ŒM=;¢{(aéðAW1ÎBvòTåûïÔ JM×ÎÂ#…˜ábã¡Ë+$2Î Hø9K\;tTÓÃU{5£ ¤enµ#FÍ ‚ð(ÇmÁ––?œXq”Whb Ã.ÐXK²}»~ï÷ý9¯šñ[X}%–ò®{>gË—£<ëëU©í~ýùK›E‹b\zÃ分Â.<²ádà‹C>OìñåÁtV†¥Ov¬\#ªMª—h¼ÌÜ”p­=°@ðT‰˜p:=„‡'&®=OÞ¢ÑöyôªÔ?ì9’©¹´Š“ˆù,\5s’æjéè˜ßšÎÞ½&Á)Õ„Å@¦ 'ZÕ’³à–ÁF#Âÿ{’×…;Õ”ÙçýsîÀØXÏòX@"Ãc”jäb½Y5ê»’º(–…Ñ×h&nwØÚí%@ ߀ 0¯¢þ´”©ƒŽåêSQ>­¿•®$…’È|ñv€XRÓ½ùÌoùl'£ŒÇj‹¹_­_ÕµòWa'Æñì}&^õŒr4]ÚâÙ…>ä„d’þ>žMU> 0ÁZr"¯ 0r¿#!1UNR % N¦^ ¨w@´4ô m U N! ô\  `&Times New Roman<lÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ'    0 .    Ñ ° ÑÑ Ð Ñ#|x†(J¤n$¡¡Ó  ÓÔ€ X=aXX XÔÔ€X=aXX X=aÔ˜HP LaserJet 1200 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular X7`F,‰ }~E€D‚DƒE„…E†÷Žm+PˆEDäp‰ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularÝ ƒ ¤n!ÝÓ  ÓÔ€ X=XX XÔÔ€X=XX X=ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑÀ°ÑÑÀ°ÑÒÀ°ÒÒÀ°ÒÔ‡X=XXX=ÔÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€&9%%XX=ÔÔ  ÔòòÑ€ÄZÑDebriefingÔ€ôŠˆõ%&9%ÔóóÐ À ÐÔ€&9%%õôŠˆÔJuror€Assessments€of€the€Reliability€of€Expert€TestimonyÔ#†&9%%%&9%­#ÔÔ‡&9%%%&9%ÔÐ ˜Ø ÐÓ  ÓÔ€ôŠˆõ%&9%ÔÌÓ XÓÔ€&9%%õôŠˆÔThank€you€for€your€participation€in€this€study.€€This€debriefing€is€given€as€an€opportunity€for€you€toÐ 6v Ðlearn€more€about€this€research€project,€how€your€participation€plays€a€part€in€this€research,€and€why€thisÏresearch€may€be€important€to€society.€€Please€do€not€discuss€this€study€with€anyone€else€who€might€alsoÏparticipate€in€the€future.€€Knowledge€about€the€study€may€influence€their€responses€and,€essentially,€invalidateÏthe€information€obtained€from€them.€€(For€this€same€reason,€it€is€important€that€you€tell€the€experimenter€if€youÏknew€details€about€this€study€before€participating.)ÌAs€you€may€have€read€in€the€paper€or€seen€on€the€news,€expert€testimony€is€often€an€important€part€ofÏmany€trials.€€Some€people€argue€that€expert€testimony€is€very€influential€to€the€jury€in€deciding€on€a€verdict.€ÏOne€of€the€many€things€people€have€been€concerned€about€expert€testimony€is€how€reliable€it€is.€€If€a€jury€isÏgoing€to€be€influenced€by€an€expert,€then€the€expert€should€be€reliable.€€If€an€expert€is€not€reliable€and€a€jury€isÏvery€influenced€by€his€or€her€testimony,€then€this€could€bias€their€verdict.€€This€would€be€especially€bad€if€itÏbiased€a€verdict€toward€finding€an€innocent€defendant€guilty.€€The€reliability€of€an€expertððs€testimony€has€beenÏsuch€a€big€concern,€that€the€Supreme€Court€decided€a€case€called€òòDaubert€v.€Ô_ÔMerrellÔ_Ô€Dow€PharmaceuticalsóóÐ V–  Ð(1993)€which€required€judges€to€assess€an€expertððs€reliability€before€allowing€him€or€her€to€testify.€€In€òòDaubertóó,Ð .n  Ðthe€Court€said€judges€could€assess€reliability€by€looking€at€whether€the€expertððs€testimony€was€generallyÏaccepted,€peer€reviewed,€Ô_ÔfalsifiableÔ_Ô,€or€if€there€was€a€known€rate€of€error€for€the€topic€of€the€testimony.€€EvenÏthough€it€is€the€judgeððs€job€to€look€at€these€things,€it€is€possible€for€many€legal€reasons€that€an€expert€would€beÏallowed€to€testify€even€if€the€reliability€of€his€or€her€testimony€was€in€question.€€Then,€it€would€be€the€juryððs€jobÏto€figure€out€how€much€weight€to€give€to€this€expert,€and€they€could€look€at€reliability€to€figure€that€out.€€WeÏwanted€to€know€if€jurors€are€able€to€tell€if€an€expertððs€testimony€is€reliable€or€not.ÌThis€study€was€designed€to€examine€how€sensitive€jurors€are€to€reliability€in€expert€testimony,€and€ifÏproviding€an€educational€instruction€to€the€jury€would€help€increase€their€ability€to€tell€if€expert€testimony€isÏreliable€or€not.€€Mock€jurors€like€you€read€a€summary€of€a€criminal€trial€including€expert€testimony.€€To€testÏhow€sensitive€jurors€are€to€the€reliability€of€an€expertððs€testimony,€the€reliability€of€the€testimony€was€varied€byÏthe€factors€suggested€in€òòDaubertóó.€€We€manipulated€whether€or€not€the€testimony€was€generally€accepted€in€theÐ v¶ Ðfield€of€eyewitness€reliability,€whether€or€not€the€topic€of€the€testimony€was€Ô_ÔfalsifiableÔ_Ô€or€testable,€whether€orÏnot€the€testimony€was€peer€reviewed,€and€whether€or€not€there€was€a€known€or€potential€error€rate€for€the€topicÏof€the€testimony.€€Because€it€could€be€more€difficult€to€assess€reliability€if€the€expertððs€testimony€is€veryÏcomplex,€we€also€varied€how€complex€the€expertððs€language€was.€€The€expert€either€spoke€in€very€technicalÏjargon€or€in€every€day€language.€€Lastly,€we€manipulated€the€type€of€jury€instructions€you€were€given.€€YouÏwere€either€given€no€instructions,€standard€instructions,€or€a€special€instruction€designed€to€help€the€jury€in€theirÏunderstanding€of€reliability.€€You€were€given€some€combination€of€these€manipulations€in€the€trial€summaryÏyou€read.€€Everyone€answered€the€same€questions€at€the€end,€asking€you€about€the€expertððs€reliability.ÌWe€hypothesized€that€jurors€wñ}ñoulñ}ññ~ññ}ñfñ}ññ~ñññdññ€be€more€sensitive€to€reliability€when€the€testimony€is€simple,€andÏthat€the€educational€instructions€ñƒñwñƒññ€ñilñ€ñññwouldñññ‚ñlñ‚ñ€be€more€effective€when€the€testimony€is€simple.€€We€also€hypothesizedÏthat€jurors€will€be€less€sensitive€to€the€statistical€types€of€reliability,€such€as€error€rate€and€falsifiability,€andÏmore€sensitive€to€peer€review€and€general€acceptance.€€This€research€is€important€in€the€fields€of€psychologyÏand€law€because€it€may€provide€information€about€how€juries€make€decisions€in€trials.€€In€general,€this€researchÏmay€offer€insight€into€how€jurors€evaluate€expert€testimony.€In€particular,€this€research€will€help€us€understandÏhow€good€jurors€are€at€identifying€scientific€reliability€and€may€tell€us€if€jury€instructions€could€help€jurorsÏaccomplish€this€task.ñ„ñ€€Improving€jury€dñ„ññ…ññ„ñcñ„ññ…ññ†ñecision„making€is€very€important€to€the€legal€Ô_Ôsystem.ñ†ñÔ_ÔÌIt€is€likely€that€the€results€of€this€research€will€be€presented€at€academic€conferences€and/or€publishedÏas€an€article€in€a€journal.€€Again,€your€individual€responses€will€be€kept€confidential€during€this€process.€€If€youÏare€interested€in€the€results€of€this€study€or€if€you€have€any€additional€questions€or€comments,€please€contactÏJennifer€Ô_ÔGroscupÔ_Ô€by€phone€at€(212)€237„8774€or€in€room€2124N,€Department€of€Psychology,€John€Jay€CollegeÏof€Criminal€Justice,€The€City€University€of€New€York,€445€W€59òòthóó€St.,€New€York,€NY,€10019„1199.€In€theÐ .,n(0 Ðevent€of€any€problems€resulting€from€participation€in€the€study,€psychological€treatment€is€available€at€the€Ô#†&9%%%&9%Þ#ÔÔ‡ &9%%%&9%ÔÔ‡ X=X% &9%ÔJohnÐ -F)1 ÐJay€College€Counseling€Information€Office€at€(212)€237„8111.Ô#†X=XX X=#ÔÔ#†&9%%XX=-#ÔÔ‡&9%%%&9%ÔÐ ò-2*2 ÐThank€you€again€for€your€participation.Ô€X=X%&9%ÔÐ Þ.+3 ÐÑÄZÑâ âÑ°ÀÑÑÐÀÑâ âÑ  ÑÒÜÀÒÒÜÀÒÐ  ° ÐÓ XÓÌÔ#†X=XXX=®#Ô