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OLDER PUBLICATIONS ---  [NOTE: for reprints you can download the highlighted references in adobe.pdf format. BUT--in the interest of keeping copyrights protected, the files are "locked"--simply email Steve at [spenrod@jjay.cuny.edu] for the "key".  Please email if you see a broken link.

Penrod, S. (1994). The psychology of criminal justice. Contemporary Psychology, 39, 897-898.
Heuer, L.B. & Penrod, S.D. (1994). Predicting the outcomes of disputes: Consequences for disputant reactions to procedures and outcomes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 260-283.
Otto, A. L., Penrod, S. & Dexter, H. (1994). The biasing impact of pretrial publicity on juror judgments. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 453-470.
Heuer, L.B. & Penrod, S. (1994). Juror notetaking and question asking during trials: A national field experiment. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 121-150.
Kovera M.B, Levy, R.J., Borgida, E. & Penrod, S.D. (1994). Expert testimony in child sexual abuse cases: Effects of expert evidence type and cross-examination. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 653-674.
Heuer, L.B. & Penrod, S. (1994). Trial complexity: A field investigation of its meaning and its effects. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 29-52.
Cutler, B.L., Berman, G.L., Penrod, S.D., & Fisher, R.P. (1994). Conceptual, practical and empirical issues associated with eyewitness identification test media. In Ross, D., Read, J.D. & Toglia, M., (Eds.). Adult Eyewitness Testimony: Current Trends and Developments. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Penrod, S. (1993). The child witness, the courts, and psychological research. Minnesota Nelson, C. (Ed.). Memory and Affect in Development: Symposia on Child Psychology, Vol. 26. Hilldale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Penrod, S. & Cutler, B.L. (1992). Eyewitnesses, experts, and jurors: Improving the quality of jury decision-making in eyewitness cases. In J. Misumi, B. Wilpert, & H. Motoaki (Eds.), Organizational and Work Psychology. Hilldale, N.J.; Erlbaum.
Kovera, M.B., Park, R.C., & Penrod, S. (1992). Jurors' perceptions of eyewitness and hearsay evidence. University of Minnesota Law Review, 76, 703-722.
Linz, D. & Penrod, S.D. (1992). Exploring the First and Sixth Amendments: Pretrial publicity and jury decisionmaking. In Kagehiro, D. K. & Laufer, W. S. (Eds.). Handbook of Psychology and Law. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Olczak, P. V., Kaplan, M. F., & Penrod, S.D. (1991). Attorney's lay psychology and its effectiveness in selecting jurors: Three empirical studies. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 431-452.
Cutler, B.L., Penrod, S.D., & Dexter, H.R. (1990). Nonadversarial methods for sensitizing jurors to eyewitness evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 1197-1207.
Penrod, S.D. (1990). Predictors of jury decisionmaking in criminal and civil cases: A field experiment. Forensic Reports, 3, 261-277.
Fulero, S.M. & Penrod, S.D. (1990). The myths and realities of attorney jury selection folklore and scientific jury selection: What works? Ohio Northern University Law Review, XVII, 229-253.
Cutler, B.L., & Penrod, S.D. (1990). Estimator Variables and Eyewitness Identification. In G. Kohnken and S.L. Sporer (Eds.), Eyewitness Identification: Psychological Knowledge, Problems, and Perspectives. Verlag fur Angewandte Psychologie: Stuttgart. (In German).
Heuer, L., & Penrod, S. D. (1990). Some suggestions for the critical appraisal of a more active jury. Northwestern Law Review, 85, 301-314.
Fulero, S.M. & Penrod, S.D. (1990). Attorney jury selection folklore: What do they think and how can psychologists help? Forensic Reports, 3, 233-259.
Cutler, B.L., Penrod, S.D., & Dexter, H.R. (1990). Juror sensitivity to eyewitness identification evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 185-191.
Penrod, S.D. & Cutler, B.L. (1989).Eyewitness expert testimony and jury decisionmaking. Law and Contemporary Problems, 52, 1001-1041.
Heuer, L.B., & Penrod, S.D. (1989). Instructing jurors: A field experiment with written and preliminary instructions. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 409-430.
Penrod, S., Bull, M., and Lengnick, S. (1989). Children as observers and witnesses: The empirical data. Journal of Family Law, XXIII, 412-431.
O'Rourke, T., Penrod, S.D., Cutler, B.L., & Stuve, T.E. (1989). The external validity of eyewitness identification research: Generalizing across age groups. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 385-396.
Cutler, B.L. & Penrod, S.D. (1989). Forensically relevant moderators of the relation between eyewitness identification accuracy and confidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 650-653.
Heuer, L.B. & Penrod, S.D. (1989). Trial lawyers in the box? Jurors question witnesses. The Docket.
Cutler, B.L., Penrod, S.D., & Dexter, H.R. (1989). The eyewitness, the expert psychologist, and the jury. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 311-332.
Penrod, S. (1989). Shedding empirical light on legal controversies. Contemporary Psychology, 34. 738-739.
Cutler, B.L., Dexter, H.R., & Penrod, S.D. (1989). Expert testimony and jury decision making: An empirical analysis. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 7, 215-225.
Cutler, B.L., & Penrod, S.D. (1989). Moderators of the confidence-accuracy correlation in eyewitness identifications: The role of information processing and base-rates. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 3, 95-107.
Linz, D., Penrod, S., & Donnerstein, E. (1988). Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 758-768.
Penrod, S. D. (1988). Psychology in court: The child witness. Contemporary Psychology, 33, 655-657.
Sharp, G.L., Cutler, B.L., & Penrod, S.D. (1988). Performance feedback improves the resolution of confidence judgments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 42, 271-283.
Cutler, B. L., Stocklein, C. J., & Penrod, S. D. (1988). An empirical examination of a computerized facial composite production system. Forensic Reports, 1, 207-218.
Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., & Schmolesky, J. M. (1988). Presumption instructions and juror decision making. Forensic Reports, 1, 165-192.
Heuer, L. B., & Penrod, S. D. (1988). Increasing jurors' participation in trials: A field experiment with jury notetaking and question asking. Law and Human Behavior, 12, 231-262.
Cutler, B. & Penrod, S. (1988). Context reinstatement and eyewitness identification. In G. Davies & D. Thomson (Eds.), Memory in Context: Context in Memory. Chichester: Wiley. pp. 231-244.
Cutler, B. L., & Penrod, S. D. (1988). Improving the reliability of eyewitness identification: Lineup construction and presentation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 281-290.
Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., & Stuve, T. E. (1988). Juror decisionmaking in eyewitness identification cases. Law and Human Behavior, 12, 41-55.
Spear, P. Penrod, S, & Baker, T. (1988). Psychology. New York: Wiley.
Cutler, B.L., Penrod, S.D., & Martens, T.K. (1987). Improving the reliability of eyewitness identifications: Putting context into context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 629-637.
Penrod, S. D. (1987). Covert facilitation: A necessary adjunct to overt facilitation? Journal of Social Issues, 43, 71-78.
Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., Penrod, S. D. (1987). The findings and recommendations of the Attorney General's Commission on pornography: Do the psychological "facts" fit the political fury? American Psychologist, 42, 946-953.
Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., & Martens, T. K. (1987). The reliability of eyewitness identifications: The Role of System and Estimator Variables. Law and Human Behavior, 11, 233-258.
Linz, D., Penrod, S., & Donnerstein, E. (1987). The Attorney General's Commission on Pornography: The gaps between "findings" and facts. American Bar Foundation Research Journal, 1987, 713-736.
Donnerstein, E., Linz, D., & Penrod, S. (1987). The Question of Pornography: Scientific Findings and Policy Implications. New York: Free Press.
Penrod, S. D., & Cutler, B. L. (1987). Assessing the competency of juries. In I. Weiner & A. Hess (Eds.), The Handbook of Forensic Psychology. New York: Wiley.
Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1987). Sexual violence in the mass media: Social psychological implications. P. Shaver & C. Hendrick (Eds.), Research in Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 7). Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage.
Linz, D., Penrod, S., & Donnerstein, E. (1986). Alternative social policies for dealing with the effects of media violence on social behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 171-193.
Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., O'Rourke, T. E., & Martens, T. K. (1986). Unconfounding the effects of contextual cues on eyewitness identification accuracy. Social Behavior, 1, 113-134.
Heuer, L. & Penrod, S. (1986). Procedural preference as a function of conflict intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 700-710.
Shapiro, P. & Penrod, S. (1986). A meta-analysis of facial identification studies. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 139-156.
Tanford, S. & Penrod, S. (1986). Jury deliberations: Discussion content and influence processes in jury decision making. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 322-347.
Linz, D., Penrod, S., & McDonald, E. (1986). Attorney communications in the courtroom: Views from and off the bench. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 281-302.
Penrod, S. (1986). Social psychology. 2nd Ed. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Pavitt, C. & Penrod, S. (1986). A test of two implicit assumptions of algebraic modeling: Salience and familiarity effects in affective evaluations of national leaders. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 291-304.
Penrod, S. (1985). The growth of social science in the law. Contemporary Psychology, 30, 959-960.
Donnerstein, E., Linz, D., & Penrod, S. (1985). Massive exposure to media violence and desensitization. Aggressive Behavior, 11, 161 (abstract).
Tanford, S., Penrod, S., & Collins, R. (1985). Decisionmaking in joined criminal trials: The influence of charge similarity, evidence similarity, and limiting instructions. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 319-337.
  Krafka, C., & Penrod, S. (1985). Reinstatement of context in a field experiment on eyewitness identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 58-69.
Penrod, S., & Linz, D. (1985). Voir dire: Its uses and abuses. In M. Kaplan, (Ed.), The impact of social psychology on procedural justice. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.
Tanford, S., & Penrod S. (1984). Social Influence Model: A formal integration of research on majority and minority influence processes. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 189-225.
Tanford, S., & Penrod, S. (1984). Social inference processes in juror judgments of multiple-offense trials. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 749-765.
Linz, D., & Penrod, S. (1984). Increasing attorney persuasiveness in the courtroom. Law and Psychology Review, 8, 1-47.
Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1984). The effects of long-term exposure to filmed violence against women. Journal of Communication, 34, 130-147. Reprinted in Media in Society: Readings in Mass Communication, Deming & Becker (Eds.), 1988.
Penrod, S., & Linz, D. (1984). Using psychological research on violent pornography to inform legal change. In N. Malamuth & E. Donnerstein (Eds.), Pornography and sexual aggression. New York: Academic Press.
  Penrod, S., Coates, D., Linz, D., Herzberg, S. Atkinson, M., & Heuer, L. (1984). The implications of social science research for trial practice attorneys. In D. J. Muller, D. G. Blackman, & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Perspectives in psychology and law. London: Wiley.
Linz, D., Turner, C., Hesse, B., & Penrod, S. (1984). Using psychological research on violent pornography in civil litigation. In N. Malamuth & Donnerstein (Eds.), Pornography and sexual aggression. New York: Academic Press.
Penrod, S., & Borgida, E. (1983). Legal rules and lay inference. In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 4). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Tanford, S., & Penrod, S. (1983). Computer modeling of influence in the jury: The role of the consistent juror. Social Psychology Quarterly, 46, 200-212.
Hastie, R., Penrod, S., & Pennington, N. (1983). Inside the jury. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Penrod, S. (1983). Jury decision making models. In H. H. Blumberg, P. Hare, V. Kent, & M. Davies (Eds.), Small groups and social interaction (Vol. 2). Chichester, England: Wiley.
Hastie, R., Penrod, S., & Pennington, N. (1983). What goes on in a jury deliberation. American Bar Association Journal, 69, 1848-1853.
Penrod, S. (1983). Social psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Tanford, S., & Penrod, S. (1982). Biases in trials involving defendants charged with multiple offenses. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 453-470.
Penrod, S.D., Donnerstein, E., & Linz, D. (1982). Scientific research on pornography and violence: implications for American law. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 35, 100 (abstract).
Penrod, S., Loftus, E. F., & Winkler, J. (1982). The reliability of eyewitness testimony: A psychological perspective. In N. Kerr & R. Bray (Eds.), The psychology of the courtroom. New York: Academic Press.
Coates, D., & Penrod, S. (1981-82). The social psychology of dispute resolution. Law and Society Review, 15, 701-726.
Penrod, S., & Hastie, R. (1980). A computer simulation of jury decision making. Psychological Review, 87, 133-159.
Penrod, S., & Hastie, R. (1979). Models of jury decision-making: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 462-492.